To evaluate the intrinsic factors of Hani rice landraces sustainable development, the rice landraces diversity in Yuanyang County and seed exchange in Qingkou village was surveyed. The results showed that the diversity of rice landraces in Yuanyang county reduced slower than that in modern culture region. In terms of altitude gradient and marital status, the seed exchange among Hani people has clear rules. 68.6 percent of exogamous households exchange seed outside their village and 55.1% inside, the percent of purchase rice seeds is very low; 35 % exchange seed from low to high, 40 % from high to low,also 25 % nearly at same altitudes. The results indicate that the frequent and regular seed exchange are important factors for sustainable development of Hani rice landraces.