136 rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces accessions were selected from the Hunan gene bank and divided into eleven groups, accessions within each group sharing the same or similar name. Genetic similarities among these accessions were evaluated through phenotypic investigation and SSR marker analysis. The phenotypic traits differ among accessions with the same or similar name, the maximum genetic distance among groups ranged from 1.25 to 1.52, while the minimum genetic distance ranged from 0.16 to 0.81. Cluster analysis based on SSR markers indicated that multiple accessions of the same name were found to be genetically different, with the minimum Nei,s similarity coefficients varying between 0.46 and 0.78, with the maximum Nei,s genetic similarity coefficient varying between 0.86 and 1.00. Accessions with the same name were not always clustered together but cross-cluster. However, the genetic relationships among accessions based on SSR markers were not always consistent with those based on phenotype traits. Many accessions showed high Nei,s genetic similarity coefficient but significantly differences in several phenotypic traits. These results provide useful information for conserving rice landraces and valuable germplasm for rice breeding.