In order to reveal the variation degree and variation pattern o f the phenotypic in Symplocos paniculata .11 phenotypic traits of 90 individuals from 6 natural population accessions belonging five areas of Hunan province were investigated. As well as their variance analysis, cluster analysis, principal component and correlation analysis were conducted. Results showed that there were rich genetic diversity morphologically (H' =1.487). Variance component between population was 52.34%，of that within population was 37%.Phenotypic variation between populations was greater than that within the populations of Symplocos paniculata. So Phenotypic variation between populations was the main source of phenotypic variation.Among 11 traits, factors of tree shape ( height of plant, canopy, base diameter of plant) were the main resources of phenotypic variation. And those factors significantly correlated with annual precipitation positively, But the other phenotypic traits were influenced greater by the hereditary variationin than surrounding environment.