To comprehensively explore the germplasm resources of Terminalia chebula Retz., 240 candidate individual plants in the Nujiang River Basin were selected as the subjects of the study. Nineteen fruit traits were assessed, and variation and correlation analyses were performed. Outstanding individual plants were identified through principal component analysis, affiliation function method, and multidimensional coordinate synthesis method. The findings revealed a rich variation in the fruit traits of T. chebula, with the coefficient of variation ranging from 0.03 to 0.78 and an average value of 0.21. Gallic acid exhibited the widest variation range, followed by pulp weight, total phenols, fruit weight, and kernel weight, while fruit shape index, moisture content, edible rate, and moisture exhibited showed smaller variations. The edible rate demonstrated an extremely significant positive correlation with soluble solids and total acid, and a significant positive correlation with water extract, total phenols, and gallic acid. Moreover, there was an extremely significant positive correlation among total sugar, total acid, total phenols, and soluble solids. Five principal components were derived from the 19 traits, contributing to a cumulative variance rate of 74.444%. Ultimately, nine exceptional plants were chosen. These research outcomes offer a scientific foundation for the selection and development of improved varieties of T. chebula, holding significant practical value.