Polyploid breeding is an important way to innovate cassava germplasms. In order to explore the effects of cassava polyploidization on plant phenotype, plant growth potential, and photosynthesis-related physiological indicators, we analyzed 27 quality traits and 19 quantitative traits of 8 cassava varieties and their corresponding induced autotetraploid resources. The results showed that 8 cassava varieties showed differences in 40 phenotypic traits. The "leaf center leaflet shape" traits were significantly different between the diploid varieties and their autotetraploid resources., The majority of autotetraploid resources shows reduced proportion of split leaves, shortened,plant heights, and reduced number of root tubers compared with corresponding diploids . Only the root tuber yield of X048 and SC12 autotetraploids increased, and the dry matter content of NZ199 and SC14 autotetraploids increased. A survey of plant growth potential indicators found that most of the tetraploid varieties have lower plant heights than diploids; leaf retention of tetraploid lower than diploids,and reach the highest leaf holdings from late August to early October. The effect of chromosome doubling on the stem diameter of each variety is not obvious; the net photosynthetic rate of 8 varieties all shows significantly higher rate in tetraploidsthan diploids. This study clarified the phenotypic differences and growth and development characteristics of diploids and autotetraploids of 8 varieties, analyzed the impact and occurrence rules of chromosome doubling on plants, and provided materials and theoretical basis for cassava polyploidy research.