Core germplasm plays a central role in the field of plant germplasm resources research, covering the collection, preservation, identification, evaluation, and application of germplasm resources for key crops, forestry, flowers, and medicinal plants. Research on core germplasm is of great significance for improving crop yields, optimizing quality, enhancing resistance to adverse conditions, and has a profound impact on the protection of biodiversity and the implementation of sustainable development strategies. This paper aims to review the strategies for constructing plant core germplasm, the current research progress, and future trends.