Crop germplasm resources are crucial for agricultural production and breeding, serving as the fundamental material basis for improving crop yield and climate adaptability. As one of the world’s widely utilized legume crops for food, vegetables, and feed, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) exhibits increasingly significant industrial value and notable ecological advantages. However, climate change, environmental stress, and transformations in agricultural production systems present new challenges to the conservation and utilization of faba bean germplasm resources. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on faba bean germplasm resources intems of genetic diversity, phenotypic identification and evaluation, disease resistance and stress tolerance screening, nutritional trait optimization, and the application of molecular breeding technologies in faba beans. It focuses on the innovative applications of genomics, molecular markers, high-throughput screening, and breeding technologies. Additionally, the paper delves into protection strategies and innovative utilization methods for germplasm resources, emphasizing the necessity of efficient management. Looking ahead, through the deep integration of multi omics technology and breeding technology, faba bean germplasm resources are expected to play a more profound role in breeding improvement of high-yield and high-quality varieties as well as the sustainable development of agriculture.