The genetic diversity of landraces is crucial for wheat breeding. We analyzed the genetic diversity evolution patterns and variation patterns of 292 germplasm resources in Tibet, Hubei, Yunnan and Sichuan using a 120K SNP chip. The results show that there were 86,129 effective SNP sites after typing, with an average of 4,104 markers per chromosome. From the distribution of genomic SNP numbers B> A> D, the 4D chromosomes are the fewest at only 1582. The overall variation in the Shannon index across the 292 germplasm collections ranged from 0.1734 to 0.3678, with a mean value of 0.2431. The PI variation range of 292 germplasm resources was 0.0952-0.5010, with an average value of 0.3146, and the highest frequency was in the range of 0.48-0.49.At the same time, the overall average of expected heterozygosity (0.8835) was greater than the average of observed heterozygosity (0.8809), indicating that the population had some genetic diversity and genetic differences. The 292 local winter wheat germplasm resources were divided into 3 taxa, and the mean genetic distance between populations was 0.31344 and variation ranged between 0.00196 and 0.56513. In conclusion, it reveals the genetic variation pattern of local germplasm resources of winter wheat and provides an important reference base for future genetic improvements and breeding.