To facilitate the conservation and utilization of Actinidia arguta germplasm resources, this study selected 64 Actinidia arguta germplasm and 12 related species to investigate variation patterns and diversity in 20 fruit traits through correlation, cluster, principal component analyses, and other methods. The results indicated that the diversity index (H') ranged from 1.45 to 2.08 for quantitative traits and from 0.59 to 2.19 for qualitative traits, revealing greater diversity among quantitative traits. Among the 76 accessions, the most common fruit shoulder shape was square, the fruit beak shape was minutely cuspidal bulge, and the fruit core cross-sectional shape was elliptical. These three qualitative traits exhibited relatively low diversity indices of 0.75, 0.67, and 0.59, respectively. Quantitative traits displayed a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of 26.29%, with ascorbic acid content having the highest CV (82.74%) and dry matter content having the lowest CV(11.62%). Cluster analysis categorized germplasms into five distinct groups with significant inter-group trait variations. Principal component analysis of 11 quantitative traits yielded four components accounting for 82.35% cumulative variance, identifying single-fruit weight, titratable acid, ascorbic acid, total soluble sugar content as key phenotypic evaluation indicators. Eight elite germplasms were selected through comprehensive evaluation: Ruanzao 8025, Longcheng 2, Danyang LD133, Mizao 1, 2019125317 (from the Third nationwide survey of agricultural germplasm resources), Huanyou 1, Changjiang 1, and Fengyu 2. The rich phenotypic diversity provides a foundation for the selection, development, and utilization of Actinidia arguta germplasm resources.