An evaluation of key agronomic traits and quality indicators was conducted on Perilla germplasm resources obtained from inventory and the Third National General Survey and Collection Action of Crop Germplasm Resources. Analysis of 22 agronomic and quality traits across 450 perilla accessions revealed coefficient of variation （CV） ranging from 6.1% to 206.4%. Perilla aldehyde content exhibited the highest CV， whereas α-linolenic acid content exhibited the lowest. The Shannon diversity index ranged from 0.90 to 4.00， with the lowest and highest values corresponding to perilla aldehyde and rosmarinic acid contents， respectively. Assessment of the adaptability of perilla accessions from diverse geographical origins， along with the effects of spatiotemporal variation on phenotypic traits， indicated that southward introduction of high-latitude germplasm carries a high risk of premature senescence. In contrast， transfer between similar environments proved more reliable. Despite no significant differences were observed in rosmarinic and caffeic acid content across differently colored perilla leaves， extreme values were detected in double-sided green varieties. Furthermore， breeding efforts over the past three decades appear to have prioritized increased leaf size and single-plant yield， with less focus on the directed selection for grain size. A total of 40 elite perilla germplasm resources were identified and classified into three groups via K-means clustering. Group I was characterized by small grain size and low oil content， and included most accessions with high rosmarinic acid levels. Group II featured large grain size and high oil content， whereas Group III exhibited medium grain size， high leaf weight per plant， high grain yield， and elevated levels of α-linolenic and caffeic acids. This study underscores the rich genetic diversity and environmental adaptability of perilla germplasm resources in China. The findings provide valuable data for germplasm identification and a theoretical basis for the strategic distribution and utilization of perilla germplasm across different ecological regions.