Wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] is one of the most important staple crops worldwide, playing an indispensable role in ensuring global food security and promoting sustainable agricultural development. With the continuous expansion of the global population and the intensification of climate change, enhancing both the yield and quality of wheat has become an increasingly pressing challenge. In recent years, the CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system, owing to its simplicity, high targeting specificity, and efficiency, has been extensively employed in functional genomics and trait improvement of major crops such as rice and other cereals, achieving substantial advances. In contrast, the application of this technology in wheat remains more challenging, largely due to its highly complex polyploid genome and relatively low genetic transformation efficiency. In response to these limitations, this review systematically summarizes the discovery and underlying mechanisms of the CRISPR/Cas9, outlines the types of mutations it can induce, and highlights recent progress in its application for enhancing disease resistance, stress tolerance, and yield in wheat. Moreover, by addressing the current challenges associated with CRISPR/Cas9 application in wheat such as limited editing efficiency, off-target effects, and incomplete transformation systems, this review discusses potential optimization strategies and actionable solutions. Overall, the review aims to provide a theoretical framework and technical reference for future molecular breeding efforts in wheat, thereby facilitating the efficient implementation of genome-editing technologies in this critical crop.