The abundant and diverse genes are contained in the maize Landraces, which have important potential value for broadening the genetic basis of current maize germplasm resources and enriching the types of germplasms. In this study, 90 maize landraces were used as the research object. Based on the phenotypic identification over two years, the coefficient of variation ( CV ) and phenotypic diversity index ( H′) of 40 phenotypic traits ( 5 qualitative traits,15 quantitative traits and 20 quality traits ) were calculated, and cluster analysis was performed on these materials. The results showed that the CV of phenotypic traits ranged from 2.89 % ( total starch content ) to 44.20 % ( lysine content ). Among them, the CV of 30 phenotypic traits was greater than 10.00 %, indicating that the phenotypic variation of these traits was abundant. The H ' ranged from 0.892 ( ear shape ) to 2.088 ( ear height ), and the H ' of the five qualitative traits was relatively low ( all < 1.2 ), whereas that for nine quantitative traits and five quality traits was notably higher (all > 2.0), suggesting more abundant diversity in these 14 traits. Correlation analysis revealed that plant height and ear height were significantly and positively correlated with the other 13 quantitative traits, and the correlation degree was high. The three quality traits of protein content, crude fat content and starch content were highly correlated with fatty acid content and 16 amino acid contents. Principal component analysis indicated that among the 15 quantitative traits, the largest contribution rate was ear weight per plant, grain weight per plant, ear diameter, and ear length. Among the 20 quality traits, the the largest contribution rate was tyrosine content, isoleucine content, serine content, threonine content, proline content and total amino acid content , indicating that the ear, grain and six amino acid content were the main factors for the formation of these genetic variation. Cluster analysis showed that 90 maize landraces could be clustered into three categories based on 15 quantitative traits. Group I mainly included high-stalk and large- panicle resources, which could be used as the basic materials for the breeding of sparsely planted varieties. The main characteristics of group II are short plants and short ears, which can be used as potential basic materials for breeding high-density varieties. Group III was characterized by the large number of ear rows, which can provide excellent resources for the improvement of maize yield and related traits. Based on 20 quality traits, 90 maize landraces were also clustered into 3 groups. Group I contained one high-starch germplasm, group II included etight high-protein germplasms, and group III comprised 13 high-oil germplasms. These germplasms can provide potential material support for the breeding of special / special maize varieties with high starch, high protein and high oil, respectively.