This study utilized 57 superior Hevea brasiliensis clones collected and preserved from first-generation rubber plantations in China. 25 quantitative traits of these clones were determined, including growth characteristics, leaf morphological features, and anatomical structure indicators. The variation extent, genetic diversity indices, and correlations among these traits were further analyzed. Based on the comprehensive set of phenotypic traits, systematic cluster analysis and principal component-based evaluation were subsequently conducted. The results indicated that all 25 phenotypic traits exhibited highly significant differences among the 57 superior rubber tree clones. The coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 7.26% to 45.29%, with the CV of stem circumference growth during the seedling stage being relatively large, while that of the left vein width/leaf width ratio was the smallest. The phenotypic genetic diversity index ranged between 1.018 and 2.188, with leaf area showing the highest diversity index and the left vein width/leaf width ratio exhibiting the lowest. Among the 25 phenotypic traits, except for left vein width/leaf width , number of leaf veins, midrib thickness, leaf vein angle, palisade to spongy tissue ratio, lower epidermis thickness, and cell structural looseness, which showed no significant correlation with most other traits, the majority of the remaining traits exhibited significant (P<0.05) or highly significant (P<0.01) correlations. Notably, the positive correlation coefficients between stem circumference growth and leaf area, leaf length, and leaf thickness all exceeded 0.8. Among the parameters of leaf anatomical structure, the majority of pairwise combinations between indicators such as leaf thickness, cuticle thickness, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness, and upper epidermis thickness exhibited significant (P<0.05) or highly significant (P<0.01) correlations. Furthermore, these anatomical parameters were also significantly correlated with the vast majority of leaf morphological traits. Systematic cluster analysis classified the 57 superior clones into six distinct groups. No clear relationship was observed between the clustering results and the geographic origins of the clones. Approximately half of the clones were grouped into Group I. Groups IV and V exhibited desirable traits such as rapid growth, larger leaf area, sparse vein distribution, and greater thickness across various leaf anatomical parameters. Based on cluster analysis and principal component comprehensive evaluation, excellent fast-growing and highly resistant clones such as No. 7, 10, 33, 27, 46, and 14 were selected. By the seventh year, the stem circumference growth of all these clones had exceeded 52 cm. Among them, No. 7 and No. 10 were triploid clones. This study adequately demonstrates the phenotypic diversity of scattered superior tree resources in domestic rubber planting areas and provides valuable genetic materials for parental selection and targeted breeding in H. brasiliensis improvement.