Phenotypic genetic diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation was conducted on 442 foxtail millet cultivars (lines) in Shanxi Province to delineate their phenotypic variation and diversity. Phenotypic variation analysis showed that the genetic diversity indices?ranged from?0.1900 to 1.0246 for the 8 qualitative traits (all below 1.0000 except for grain color, GC),?and from?1.9613 to 2.0865 for the 15 quantitative traits (all greater than 2.0000 except for panicle length, PL, and the length of the penultimate leaf, LPL). The coefficients of variation ranged from 8.09% to 23.18%.?Notable variation was observed in?the grain number per spikelet (GNS), single panicle weight (SPW), and grain weight per panicle (GWP), whereas the thousand grain weight (TGW), heading date (HD), and growth duration (GD) were less variable. This disparity indicates significant differences and rich types among the tested materials. Correlation analysis uncovered complex relationships among the quantitative traits, where a notably strong positive correlation (r = 0.9676) was observed between single panicle weight and single panicle grain weight. Principal component analysis extracted five components, collectively explaining 78.46% of the total variance. Based on this, the comprehensive evaluation (F-value) ranged from 0.2099 to 0.8459; the accession “2017 K Ce 1” had the highest score, and “Taixuangu 29 ai” had the lowest. Cluster analysis categorized the germplasm into three distinct groups: Group I (intermediate type), Group II (tall and late-maturing type), and Group III (early-maturing type), with significant differences?observed among the groups. In conclusion, this foxtail millet collection possesses rich genetic diversity, providing a valuable resource for future genetic research and breeding programs.