In this study， the genetic diversity and association analysis of 128 Dendrobium germplasms were conducted using 29 phenotypic traits and 15 SSR markers. The results showed that the coefficient of variation among 17 quantitative traits （such as pseudobulb length， inflorescence length， flower number） ranged from 25.90% to 145.64%， and the genetic diversity index ranged from 1.02 to 1.50， with inflorescence length exhibiting the highest coefficient of variation. For the 12 qualitative traits， a total of 70 variant types were detected， with genetic diversity index ranging from 0.08 to 1.83. Petal color， sepal color， and lip color showed the most abundant variation. Highly significant positive intercorrelations were observed among floral organ traits such as flower length， flower width， medium sepal length. Cluster analysis divided the 128 Dendrobium germplasms into five groups. Group Ⅰ was characterized by tall pseudobulbs and large flowers. Group Ⅱ exhibited terminal inflorescences but small flowers. Group Ⅲ featured relatively dwarf plants with few flowers. Group Ⅳ showed minimal phenotypic variation and purplish-red or purple flowers. Group Ⅴ consisted of medium-sized plants with diverse flower colors. Analysis using the 15 SSR primers identified 98 alleles， with mean values of 3.742 for effective alleles， 0.345 for observed heterozygosity， 0.618 for expected heterozygosity， 1.320 for Shannon's index， and 0.631 for polymorphism information content. Population structure analysis and principal coordinate analysis based on SSR markers consistently grouped the 128 germplasms into two subpopulations. A total of eight markers were significantly associated with thirteen phenotypic traits according to the general linear model （GLM） and mixed linear model （MLM）， explaining 8.68% to 22.30% of phenotypic variation. This study provides feasible markers for molecular marker-assisted selection of important ornamental traits in Dendrobium germplasms， which will enhance the breeding efficiency of this species.