摘要
诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz,别称二月兰)为我国原产的十字花科观赏植物,也是芸苔属作物遗传改良的种质资源。本研究总结了诸葛菜的细胞遗传学、与芸苔属栽培种杂种的细胞学行为、性状的染色体定位、长链双羟基脂肪酸的发现等方面的研究进展。诸葛菜(2n=24)的基因组较大(大约1.3 Gb)、染色体较长、染色均匀。诸葛菜及其单倍体的减数分裂配对行为揭示出其基因组的同源多倍体性质。最新的基因组测序结果也表明,诸葛菜二倍体祖先具有x=7的tPCK核型,其在大约600~800万年前经历了一次特异的基因组四倍化事件,然后经过染色体重组及着丝粒失活产生现在n=12的基因组。诸葛菜(父本)与芸苔属6个栽培种(母本)的属间杂种所表现出的母本特异的细胞学行为,与双亲的基因组结构和固有的染色体行为有关;诸葛菜染色体因表现体积较大与染色较深的特征,而易于与芸苔属染色体相区别。通过创建甘蓝型油菜-诸葛菜附加系,将诸葛菜的锯齿叶、基部多分枝、紫花、双羟基脂肪酸合成等几个性状定位到特定的染色体上。诸葛菜种子油中富含长链双羟基脂肪酸,具有比蓖麻油更好的润滑效果。诸葛菜还具有潜在的药用价值。最后,对今后诸葛菜的研究方向及利用进行了讨论。
诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz)是十字花科诸葛菜属的一年或二年生草本植物,相传诸葛亮率领的蜀军北伐出征时因军粮不足采摘其嫩茎食用而得名。诸葛菜原产于中国,在我国广泛分布,朝鲜也有分
诸葛菜作为种质资源,具有一些芸苔属作物或其他植物遗传改良可用的性状,如紫花、长角果/角粒数多/粒大、长链双羟基脂肪酸等,过去近40年间在诸葛菜的细胞遗传学、远缘杂交及脂肪酸组成等方面进行了较系统与深入的研究。本研究就这些方面的研究进展进行总结,讨论可能的机理,为今后研究与利用提供参考。
诸葛菜(O. violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz)具有24条染色体,每对染色体间的长度呈梯度变化、差别不

图1 诸葛菜的体细胞染色体及rDNA位点
Fig.1 The somatic chromosomes and rDNA loci in O. violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz
A1~A2: 以诸葛菜基因组DNA为探针进行基因组原位杂交后的诸葛菜染色
A1-A2: The chromosomes of O. violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz after GISH with its genomic DNA as the probe

图2 诸葛菜与甘蓝型油菜属间体细胞杂种及后代的诸葛菜染色体特征及核仁显性
Fig.2 The chromosomal characteristics and nucleolar dominance of O. violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz in its intergeneric somatic hybrids and progenies
A1~A2:具有双亲甘蓝型油菜(AACC)和诸葛菜(OO)染色体数之和的一个杂种细胞(2n=24+38=62,AACCOO)的GISH分析,以诸葛菜基因组DNA为探针,杂交信号为红
A1-A2: One hybrid cell with the sum of the chromosomes from both parents, B. napus L and O. violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz (2n=24+38=62,AACCOO
利用双色FISH技术,确定了诸葛菜染色体上的5S与45S核糖体RNA (rRNA)基因位点(
诸葛菜的24条染色体在花粉母细胞减数分裂中,主要配对构型为12个二价体,其余的则同时形成不同数目的二价体和各种多价体(四价体、六价体、八价体等)(

图3 诸葛菜及其单倍体的减数分裂配对
Fig.3 Meiotic pairings of O. violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz and its haploid
A~C:诸葛菜的减数分裂配
A-C: Meiotic pairings of O. violaceus (L.) O. E. Schul
诸葛菜基因组测序结
以诸葛菜为父本,与芸苔属6个栽培种的属间有性杂交均产生了杂种,但只有与甘蓝的杂种为具有预期染色体数的经典杂种(Classical hybrids),其余的杂种都是具有非预期染色体组成的非经典杂种(Nonclassical hybrids);而以诸葛菜为母本的反交组合,均未获得杂
诸葛菜染色体的细胞学特征(较大及长的染色体、染色均匀)在与芸薹属几个物种的杂种中均表现出来,从而得以在普通细胞学观察技术下辨认及区分双亲染色体(

图4 白菜、芥菜型油菜与诸葛菜属间杂种的细胞学
Fig.4 Cytology of the intergeneric hybrids between B. rapa L., B. juncea (L.) Czern. and O. violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz
A:白菜与诸葛菜属间杂种的减数分裂后期I花粉母细胞,具有一些体积较大与染色深的染色体(箭头
A: One pollen mother cell (PMC) at anaphase I in the hybrids between B. rapa L. and O. violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz, with some larger and darker chromosomes (arrows
在诸葛菜与芸苔属杂种中发生的双亲染色体组分开及诸葛菜染色体消除,特别是每一个杂种特异性的染色体行为,很可能与双亲染色体的固有细胞学特性、基因组的结构有关。在有丝分裂的前中期(Prometaphase),3个芸苔属二倍体(白菜、甘蓝、黑芥)的所有染色体的着丝粒近端区域均展现出清晰的异染色质区段,部分染色体臂的末端还有弱小的凝缩区

图5 芸苔属3个二倍体种的终变期染色体特征
Fig.5 Diakinesis chromosomes in three Brassica L. diploids
A:白菜的10个二价体
A: Ten bivalents in B. rapa L.
诸葛菜与芸苔属3个四倍体种的特异细胞学行为,也与芸苔属亲本的基因组组成有关。与包含甘蓝C亚基因组的甘蓝型油菜及埃塞俄比亚芥的杂种的细胞学行为较为相似,与芥菜型油菜杂种的染色体行为有一定差
通过甘蓝型油菜和诸葛菜的体细胞杂种(2n=52,AACCOO)与甘蓝型油菜连续回

图6 诸葛菜的紫花色及遗传特征
Fig.6 Purple flower color of O. violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz, and its inheritance
A:诸葛菜与甘蓝型油菜及其体细胞杂种的花及花色。左一为甘蓝型油菜的黄花,右一为诸葛菜的紫花,中间三朵为体细胞杂种的花,具有不同程度的红
A: Flowers and the color of O. violaceus (L.) O. E. Schulz, B. napus L. and their somatic hybrids
诸葛菜的锯齿叶、基部多分枝、紫花这几个性状,在与芸苔属栽培种的杂种中均得以表现,为显性性
附加系MAAL4~MAAL6中的诸葛菜染色体载有45S rDNA位点、且都形成随体,表明这些rDNA位点在甘蓝型油菜背景中有活
较早的研究只是发现诸葛菜的种子油中亚油酸含量较高(约50%)、芥酸含量低(约1%),为油菜脂肪酸组成改良的低芥酸新资
在上述的MAAL1甘蓝型油菜-诸葛菜附加系中,也检测出低含量的羟基脂肪酸,表明这条染色体上载有羟基脂肪酸合成的相关基因,且在甘蓝型油菜背景中表达。
诸葛菜具有广泛的生态适应
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