摘要
探索枣杂交F1代果实糖酸组分性状遗传变异规律,将为枣杂交育种亲本选配和优异种质筛选提供理论依据。本研究以枣JMS2×交城5号的140株F1代及亲本为试材,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定杂交果实糖组分和酸组分的含量。结果表明:杂交后代果实中糖主要是由蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖组成,其中蔗糖占比52.5%。糖组分变异系数范围为26.74%~35.45%,其中葡萄糖变异系数最大,蔗糖变异系数最小。果糖、葡萄糖的F1均值大于中亲值,蔗糖则低于中亲值。酸主要由苹果酸、奎宁酸和柠檬酸组成,其中苹果酸占比35.10%。酸组分的变异系数范围为29.67%~42.86%,苹果酸F1均值小于中亲值,草酸和富马酸的F1均值高于中亲值,其他酸组分受环境影响较大。糖组分、酸组分均呈现出正态分布特征,均是由多基因控制的数量性状。筛选出高糖杂交优系J17和J70。
果实品质是果树品种改良的首要目标,糖和酸是果实营养物质的重要组成部分,不同糖组分对甜度的贡献不同,不同酸组分可促进消化腺活动和改善食
目前,关于苹果、柑橘、葡萄、杏等果树的糖酸组分遗传变异分析已见报
本研究以JMS2与交城5号罩网控制杂交获得的140株F1代及亲本为材料,采用高效液相色谱法测定果实糖组分、酸组分含量及糖酸比,并进行遗传变异分析,探究杂交后代果实糖酸组分性状的遗传特点及倾向,筛选出高糖、高酸及高糖酸比的优异种质资源,为枣杂交育种和品质改良研究提供理论依据。
试验地点位于新疆阿拉尔市十团7连(81°28′E,40°59′N)。采集 JMS2、交城5号及其杂交获得的140株F1代接穗,2018年4月高接于8年生骏枣砧木上,株行距为1 m×3 m,田间管理一致。其中母本JMS2为雄性不育品系,且干鲜兼制,父本交城5号为优良骏枣高糖品系。2020-2021年于果实全红期采集成熟均匀一致果实,亲本及每个杂交F1无性系选取全红期果实30个用于糖酸组分测定。
将成熟度一致的枣果实果肉切下,称取锡箔纸后,使用锡箔纸包裹果肉,上端留口。将果肉与锡箔纸一起称重,记为鲜重。将包裹好的果肉放入真空冻干机中,温度设置为-50 ℃,压力保持在50 Pa以下,冻干48 h后取出称重。称重使用百分天平,精确到0.01 g。称重后用粉碎机将枣肉打粉,放入-80 ℃超低温冰箱保存待用。
参考蒲云
参考周晓
如

图1 JMS2×交城5号F1代群体果实糖组分、总糖含量及其分布
Fig.1 Fruit sugar constituent, total sugar and its distribution range of JMS2× Jiaocheng5 F1 progenies
箱体代表数据的集中分布范围,上边缘代表最大值,下边缘代表最小值。上四分位数是将一组数据由小到大排列后第75%的数据。中位数是居于中间位置的数据,也就是50%数据。下分位数是25%的数据;下同
The box represents the concentrated distribution range of the data, with the upper edge representing the maximum value and the lower edge to representing the minimum value. The upper quartile is the 75% of the data after arranging a set of data from smallest to largest. The median is the data that resides in the middle, which is the 50% data. The lower quartile is the 25th percentile of data; The same as below
杂交后代果实中酸组分含量由高至低依次为苹果酸>奎宁酸>柠檬酸>酒石酸>草酸>富马酸(

图2 杂交后代果实酸组分、总酸、维生素C含量及其分布
Fig.2 Acid constituents, total acid, vitamin C content and their distribution range in the F1 generation population
杂交后代果实中蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量呈现明显的正态分布特征(

图3 果实糖组分与总糖正态分布图
Fig.3 Normal distribution of sugar constitution and total sugar in fruit
年份 Year | 性状 Traits | 亲本 Parents | 子代群体 Offspring | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
母本 Female | 父本 Male | 中亲值 Mid- parent value | 平均值 Mean | 标准差 SD | 最小值 Max. | 最大值 Min. | 变异系数(%) CV | 中亲优势率(%) Ratio of mid⁃parent heterosis | 遗传传递力(%) Genetic transmissibility | 偏度 Skewness | 峰度 Kurtosis | ||
2020 | 果糖含量(mg/g) | 54.76 | 45.34 | 50.05 | 66.28 | 23.09 | 24.63 | 127.14 | 34.85 | 32.43 | 132.43 | 0.63 | -0.37 |
葡萄糖含量(mg/g) | 50.54 | 77.12 | 63.83 | 67.95 | 24.09 | 21.53 | 138.35 | 35.45 | 6.46 | 106.46 | 0.64 | -0.15 | |
蔗糖含量(mg/g) | 136.19 | 135.47 | 135.83 | 149.10 | 48.88 | 62.56 | 260.62 | 32.78 | 9.77 | 109.77 | 0.52 | -0.61 | |
总糖含量(mg/g) | 241.49 | 257.93 | 249.71 | 284.07 | 80.99 | 139.57 | 482.19 | 28.51 | 13.76 | 113.76 | 0.52 | -0.59 | |
草酸含量(mg/g) | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 33.33 | 32.00 | 132.00 | 0.88 | 0.91 | |
酒石酸含量(mg/g) | 0.94 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 1.40 | 0.55 | 0.35 | 3.19 | 39.29 | 59.41 | 159.41 | 0.81 | 0.63 | |
奎宁酸含量(mg/g) | 4.32 | 2.89 | 3.60 | 4.28 | 1.43 | 1.91 | 8.97 | 33.41 | 18.85 | 118.85 | 0.71 | 0.69 | |
苹果酸含量(mg/g) | 5.23 | 5.40 | 5.32 | 4.55 | 1.48 | 1.28 | 9.49 | 32.53 | -14.40 | 85.60 | 0.46 | 0.99 | |
柠檬酸含量(mg/g) | 1.60 | 2.35 | 1.97 | 2.62 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 6.12 | 34.73 | 32.87 | 132.87 | 0.88 | 1.66 | |
富马酸含量(mg/g) | 1.47 | 0.99 | 1.23 | 1.40 | 0.60 | 0.41 | 3.60 | 42.86 | 13.82 | 113.82 | 1.18 | 2.88 | |
维生素C含量(mg/g) | 4.30 | 3.82 | 4.06 | 4.64 | 1.19 | 1.97 | 9.13 | 25.65 | 14.30 | 114.30 | 0.75 | 1.38 | |
总酸含量(mg/g) | 12.17 | 11.53 | 11.85 | 12.96 | 3.33 | 2.81 | 21.62 | 25.69 | 9.37 | 109.37 | 0.43 | 1.13 | |
糖酸比 | 19.85 | 22.38 | 21.12 | 22.43 | 6.73 | 8.64 | 36.77 | 30.00 | 6.23 | 106.23 | 0.42 | -0.77 | |
2021 | 果糖含量(mg/g) | 57.02 | 58.22 | 57.62 | 70.01 | 21.85 | 32.97 | 131.95 | 31.21 | 21.50 | 121.50 | 0.40 | -0.2 |
葡萄糖含量(mg/g) | 60.12 | 56.48 | 58.30 | 78.12 | 24.27 | 34.01 | 148.00 | 31.32 | 34.00 | 134.00 | 0.50 | -0.05 | |
蔗糖含量(mg/g) | 165.89 | 143.95 | 154.92 | 144.68 | 38.69 | 64.05 | 278.26 | 26.74 | -6.61 | 93.39 | 0.79 | 1.04 | |
总糖含量(mg/g) | 283.03 | 258.65 | 270.84 | 292.82 | 61.40 | 147.55 | 404.27 | 20.97 | 8.12 | 108.12 | -0.16 | -0.85 | |
草酸含量(mg/g) | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 40.00 | 25.00 | 125.00 | 0.63 | 0.06 | |
酒石酸含量(mg/g) | 1.54 | 1.58 | 1.56 | 1.53 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 3.42 | 41.18 | -1.92 | 98.08 | 0.86 | 0.32 | |
奎宁酸含量(mg/g) | 4.84 | 3.62 | 4.23 | 4.08 | 1.57 | 1.49 | 9.15 | 38.96 | -3.55 | 96.45 | 0.91 | 0.62 | |
苹果酸含量(mg/g) | 6.62 | 7.24 | 6.93 | 5.09 | 1.51 | 1.85 | 8.56 | 29.67 | -26.55 | 73.45 | 0.01 | -0.45 | |
柠檬酸含量(mg/g) | 2.32 | 3.22 | 2.77 | 2.48 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 4.94 | 35.89 | -10.47 | 89.53 | 0.83 | 0.56 | |
富马酸含量(mg/g) | 2.29 | 1.69 | 1.99 | 2.10 | 0.81 | 0.66 | 5.02 | 38.57 | 5.53 | 105.53 | 1.24 | 1.58 | |
维生素C含量(mg/g) | 6.48 | 6.40 | 6.44 | 4.89 | 1.33 | 2.40 | 9.50 | 27.20 | -24.07 | 75.93 | 0.72 | 0.83 | |
总酸(mg/g) | 15.42 | 15.75 | 15.58 | 13.28 | 3.44 | 5.95 | 21.39 | 25.88 | -14.70 | 85.30 | -0.16 | -0.85 | |
糖酸比 | 18.35 | 16.41 | 17.38 | 23.56 | 8.83 | 9.91 | 50.65 | 37.48 | 35.56 | 135.56 | 0.92 | 0.74 |
苹果酸含量分布符合典型的正态分布特征(


图4 果实酸组分与总酸正态分布图
Fig.4 Normal distribution of acid distribution and total acid in fruit
两年间果糖与蔗糖均呈现极显著正相关(
性状 Traits | 果糖含量 Fructose content | 蔗糖含量 Sucrose content | 葡萄糖含量 Glucose content | 总糖含量 Total sugar content | 草酸含量 Oxalic acid content | 富马酸含量 Fumaric acid content | 酒石酸含量 Tartaric acid content | 奎宁酸含量 Qunic acid content | 苹果酸含量 Malic acid content | 柠檬酸含量 Citric acid content | 总酸含量 Total acid content | 糖酸比 Sugar acid ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
果糖含量 Fructose content | 1 | 0.90** | 0.14 | 0.61** | -0.06 | -0.13 | 0.08 | -0.13 | -0.07 | -0.01 | -0.09 | 0.14 |
蔗糖含量Sucrose content |
0.9 | 1 | 0.13 |
0.6 | -0.05 | -0.13 | 0.07 |
-0.1 | -0.08 | -0.01 | -0.10 | 0.14 |
葡萄糖含量 Glucose content |
0.2 |
0.2 | 1 |
0.5 | 0.01 | -0.03 | -0.02 | 0.12 | 0.11 | -0.04 | 0.11 | -0.11 |
总糖含量 Total sugar content |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 | 1 | -0.07 | -0.08 | 0.02 | -0.06 | -0.01 | -0.07 | -0.02 | 0.04 |
草酸含量 Oxalic acid content | 0.03 | 0.03 | -0.14 | -0.08 | 1 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
-0.2 |
富马酸含量 Fumaric acid content | 0.02 | 0 | -0.10 | -0.08 | 0.11 | 1 | 0 |
0.2 |
0.2 | -0.01 |
0.2 | -0.12 |
酒石酸含量 Tartaric acid content | 0.07 | 0.06 | -0.12 | -0.04 |
0.2 | 0.11 | 1 |
0.2 |
0.2 | 0.11 |
0.3 |
-0.1 |
奎宁酸含量 Qunic acid content | 0.05 | 0.02 | -0.03 | -0.03 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 1 |
0.5 | 0.11 |
0.6 |
-0.3 |
苹果酸含量 Malic acid content | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.07 |
0.3 |
0.1 | 1 |
0.1 |
0.7 |
-0.2 |
柠檬酸含量 Citric acid content | -0.07 | -0.06 | -0.03 | -0.06 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 1 |
0.2 |
-0.1 |
总酸含量 Total acid content | 0.05 | 0.04 | -0.06 | -0.03 | 0.14 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.3 | 1 |
-0.4 |
糖酸比 Sugar acid ratio | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.14 | -0.12 |
-0.1 | -0.12 |
-0.3 | -0.11 |
-0.1 |
-0.3 | 1 |
左下为2020年相关性,右上为2021年相关性
The lower left is the 2020 correlation, and the upper right is the 2021 correlation.
将所有杂交后无性系按照糖酸组份含量由高到低排序,在140个杂交后代中挑选出排名前八的高糖杂交优系,排名前六的高酸杂交优系,排名前六的高糖酸比杂交优系(
类型Type | 编号 No. | 总糖含量(mg/g) Total sugar content | 总酸含量(mg/g) Total acid content | 果糖含量(mg/g) Fructose content | 葡萄糖含量(mg/g) Glucose content | 蔗糖含量(mg/g) Sucrose content | 草酸含量(mg/g) Oxalic acid content | 富马酸含量(mg/g) Fumaric acid content | 酒石酸含量(mg/g) Tartaric acid content | 奎宁酸含量(mg/g) Qunic acid content | 苹果酸含量(mg/g) Malic acid content | 柠檬酸含量(mg/g) Citric acid content | 糖酸比 Sugar acid ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
高糖 High sugar | J17 | 425.60 | 14.83 | 107.90 | 117.67 | 200.04 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 2.07 | 3.54 | 5.51 | 3.59 | 28.66 |
3J21 | 387.38 | 18.19 | 90.74 | 96.68 | 199.96 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 2.38 | 5.98 | 7.39 | 2.32 | 21.32 | |
J64 | 387.19 | 12.11 | 97.51 | 98.60 | 191.08 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 1.16 | 3.44 | 5.14 | 2.29 | 32.05 | |
3J13 | 379.22 | 12.12 | 91.67 | 96.74 | 190.80 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 1.32 | 4.46 | 4.65 | 1.59 | 31.56 | |
J61 | 377.07 | 11.39 | 121.20 | 130.82 | 125.06 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 1.65 | 2.05 | 5.07 | 2.51 | 33.13 | |
J143 | 362.63 | 12.17 | 81.97 | 85.13 | 195.53 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 1.17 | 3.13 | 6.08 | 1.71 | 30.83 | |
J137 | 359.30 | 13.07 | 74.90 | 84.29 | 200.13 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 1.36 | 4.68 | 4.65 | 2.28 | 27.68 | |
J97 | 350.2 | 11.03 | 55.78 | 57.05 | 237.46 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.78 | 4.62 | 3.90 | 1.63 | 32.28 | |
高酸 High acid | J135 | 387.38 | 18.19 | 90.74 | 96.68 | 199.96 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 2.38 | 5.98 | 7.39 | 2.32 | 21.32 |
3J10 | 425.66 | 14.83 | 107.90 | 117.67 | 200.04 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 2.07 | 3.54 | 5.51 | 3.59 | 28.66 | |
J159 | 389.40 | 13.22 | 101.03 | 109.57 | 178.80 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 1.57 | 3.41 | 5.15 | 3.00 | 29.69 | |
108 | 362.63 | 12.17 | 81.97 | 85.13 | 195.53 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 1.17 | 3.13 | 6.08 | 1.71 | 30.83 | |
J129 | 377.07 | 11.39 | 121.20 | 130.82 | 125.06 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 1.65 | 2.05 | 5.07 | 2.51 | 33.13 | |
J10 | 350.28 | 11.03 | 55.78 | 57.05 | 237.46 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.78 | 4.62 | 3.90 | 1.63 | 32.28 | |
高糖酸比High glycolic acid | J161 | 275.80 | 6.45 | 57.25 | 62.40 | 156.15 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.95 | 1.87 | 2.25 | 1.32 | 43.30 |
J13 | 311.72 | 9.02 | 91.55 | 98.05 | 122.12 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 2.24 | 3.54 | 2.14 | 34.54 | |
J70 | 307.10 | 8.96 | 84.15 | 85.80 | 137.16 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 1.35 | 2.45 | 3.44 | 1.59 | 34.47 | |
J59 | 299.49 | 10.18 | 83.94 | 86.64 | 128.91 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 1.19 | 3.25 | 3.41 | 2.20 | 29.91 | |
J138 | 262.07 | 9.13 | 70.36 | 68.92 | 122.79 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 1.16 | 3.91 | 2.22 | 1.74 | 29.24 | |
J23 | 249.94 | 9.13 | 65.86 | 71.26 | 112.82 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 1.21 | 2.75 | 2.98 | 2.10 | 27.53 |
高糖杂交后无性系酸组分中苹果酸含量较高,J64、3J13、J61的糖酸比较其他杂交后无性系高。在所有杂交后无性系中J135总酸含量最高,为18.19 mg/g,苹果酸含量为7.39 mg/g,明显高于其他杂交后无性系。在所有杂交后无性系中糖酸比最高的是J161,为43.3,糖酸比最低的是J23,为27.53。高糖酸比后代中J70糖含量高,其口感酸甜更佳;J59总酸含量最高,口感偏酸。3J10中柠檬酸含量最高,并且该杂交后无性系总糖含量在6个杂交后无性系中最高,为425.66 mg/g,属于高糖、高酸杂交后无性系。
枣中糖、酸的组分及含量是衡量果实品质和营养价值的重要指标。高京草
关于不同枣品种果实的酸组分的研究,孙延芳
在苹果、桃、柑橘等果树上研究表明,果实当中糖含量是由多基因控制的数量性状,加性效应在遗传效应占比较
连续两年的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖及总糖含量平均值均高于中亲值,具有趋高遗传趋势。各酸组分中苹果酸含量最高,变异系数最小,说明苹果酸相对其他酸组分在子代中性状分离幅度小。草酸、富马酸含量平均值均高于中亲值,说明这两种组分遗传不仅存在加性效应,还存在一定的非加性效应,呈现出高亲遗传规律。苹果酸含量平均值均低于中亲值,主要表现为基因的加性效应,呈现出低亲遗传规律。酸组分在两年的遗传传递力差异较大,表明在杂交后代中酸组分受环境和栽培措施影响较大。
本研究发现果糖与蔗糖、葡萄糖含量呈现极显著正相关,说明随着果糖的增加,蔗糖、葡萄糖也增加,这与前人研究结果一
本研究表明杂交后代糖组分和酸组分各性状分离广泛,特征差异明显,具有一定数量的超亲单株出现,并筛选得出高糖、高酸以及高糖酸比的优系。筛选的高糖优系总糖含量较亲本和其他后代单株高出36%~70%,其中J17总糖含量最高,为425.6 mg/g,高于亲本70.44%,明显高于赛蜜酥1号121.88 mg/
枣JMS2×交城5号F1代属于蔗糖积累型果实,其中蔗糖含量在糖组分中含量最高,占比达52.5%,其次为葡萄糖占总糖23.92%,果糖含量最低为23.33%。有机酸含量由高到低依次为苹果酸>奎宁酸>柠檬酸>酒石酸>草酸>富马酸,以苹果酸、奎宁酸和柠檬酸为主要成分,其中苹果酸占总酸35.10%。糖组分、酸组分均呈现出正态分布特征,推测为多基因控制的数量性状。果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖及总糖含量平均值均高于中亲值,草酸、富马酸平均值均高于中亲值,具有趋高遗传趋势。对20个高糖、高酸及高糖酸比杂交后代分析,最终筛选出高糖杂交优系J17和J70。
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