摘要
DNA甲基化作为表观遗传调控的重要机制之一,通常发生在植物胞嘧啶碱基中,包含CG、CHG、CHH三种类型。主要影响染色质结构和基因的转录效率,在植物细胞基因表达调控、基因组稳定性维持等方面起重要作用。非生物胁迫影响植物的生长发育和繁殖最终导致植物死亡。基于已有研究发现,DNA甲基化可诱导非生物胁迫下植物的表型改变。DNA甲基化水平在植物非生物胁迫生长过程存在的变化机制受到甲基化酶和去甲基化酶的影响。甲基化状态上调(启动)或下调(关闭)基因表达以确保自身适应生长及发育,从而使植物在一定程度上适应和抵抗逆境伤害。这些信号转导通路可以引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。本文对DNA甲基化功能及其在园艺植物的生长发育与非生物胁迫响应方面的研究进行了分析与总结,探讨了DNA甲基化在园艺植物表观遗传研究中存在的问题及展望,为园艺植物遗传改良及抗逆分子机理研究提供参考。
DNA 甲基化作为真核细胞的一种基因组修饰,通过改变染色质和蛋白质的结构调节基因组稳定性,且不会改变DNA的碱基序列,是表观遗传调控的重要机制之
DNA甲基化是在甲基转移酶的作用下,在基因组CpG二核苷酸胞嘧啶5号碳位共价键结合一个甲基基团,对基因表达水平的影响随序列背景和基因区域的不同而变
DNA甲基化分为建立、维持和去甲基化3个过
DNA甲基化通过干扰转录因子对顺式元件的识别和结合抑制转录,或者招募染色质重塑或修饰因子,导致基因失活。DNA甲基化沉默转座元件和外源侵入序列,影响亲本印记基因形成,基因转录沉默和影响转录本的可变剪
嫁接对缩短园艺植物生长期、增强抗病性及提高产量具有重要作用。研究发现,将葫芦甬砧1号嫁接到西瓜早佳8424后,DNA甲基化水平在开花期表现出持续升高,PPR(Pentatricopeptide repeat)和WD40(WD-repeat protein40)蛋白基因表达持续上
DNA甲基化可调控园艺植物春化相关基因的表达和光周期,促进早开花,延长观赏
在雌雄异株植物中,DNA甲基化对性染色体的活性起重要的调控作
果实生长发育是受转录因子参与的多基因调控的复杂过
研究发现,在果实成熟期,番
干旱影响植物细胞的伸长和膨大,导致DNA甲基化水平和甲基化模式发生变化以响应干旱胁迫(

图1 DNA甲基化对植物非生物胁迫的响应
Fig. 1 Response of DNA methylation to abiotic stress in plants
AG04/6、RDR2、DCL3、SUVH4/5/6: 蛋白; →: 促进; —: 互作
AG04/6, RDR2, DCL3, SUVH4/5/6: Protein; →: Promote; —: Interact
在沙
温度胁迫诱导植物DNA甲基化水平发生变化,激活转座子和基因表达以缓解伤害(
重金属胁迫下植物基因组的甲基化水平发生改变,快速修饰植物DNA,导致基因表达发生改变(
园艺作物 Horticultural crops | 影响因素 Influence factor | 全基因组/基因水平变化 Genome wide/gene level change | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
番茄Tomato | 果实成熟 | 下调 |
[ |
草莓Strawberry | 果实成熟 | 下调 |
[ |
甜橙Orange | 果实成熟 | 上调 |
[ |
葡萄Grape | 果实发育和成熟 | 上调 |
[ |
番木瓜Papaya | 果实成熟 | 下调 |
[ |
辣椒Pepper | 果实成熟 | 下调 |
[ |
黄瓜种子Cucumber seeds | 盐胁迫 | 下调 |
[ |
紫花苜蓿Lucerne | 盐胁迫 | 上调 |
[ |
白菜幼苗Cabbage seedlings | 高温胁迫 | 下调 |
[ |
萝卜Turnip | 镉胁迫 | 上调 |
[ |
萝卜Turnip | 铅胁迫 | 上调 |
[ |
葫芦Calabash | 嫁接后 | 上调 |
[ |
紫苏Perilla | 甲基化诱导光周期改变 | 下调 |
[ |
甜瓜Melon | 转座子 | 上调 |
[ |
柿树Persimmon tree | 性别决定基因性别雌性化 | 下调 |
[ |
蒙古黄芪Mongolian astragalus | 水分亏缺 | 下调 |
[ |
油菜Rapeseed | 水分亏缺 | 下调 |
[ |
半夏 Pinellia ternate | 高温胁迫 | 下调 |
[ |
萝卜 Turnip | 高温胁迫 | 下调 |
[ |
香菇菌丝Shiitake mushroom mycelium | 高温胁迫 | 上调 |
[ |
油菜Brassica rapa | 低温胁迫 | 下调 |
[ |
苹果 Apple | 低温胁迫 | 下调 |
[ |
六堡茶苗Liubao tea seedlings | 铝胁迫 | 下调 |
[ |
苹果 Apple | 干旱胁迫 | 上调 |
[ |
牡丹Paeonia suffruticosa | 赤霉素处理 | 下调 |
[ |
甘蓝Sprouts | 嫁接后 | 上调 |
[ |
表观遗传调控园艺植物生长发育和非生物胁迫应答是一个复杂的过程。DNA甲基化与园艺植物的生长发育及逆境胁迫应答密切相关,有些位置的DNA甲基化在胁迫后会稳定遗传给后代,提高抗逆性。尽管DNA甲基化在园艺植物生长发育和非生物胁迫表观调控方面的研究取得了新进展,但仍有许多表观遗传与DNA甲基化的关系未被挖掘,如:(1)园艺植物逆境适应中有很多和DNA甲基化相关联的基因,发掘更多确切的基因可更好地提高植物的抗逆能力;(2)园艺植物嫁接后DNA甲基化水平与变异的具体机制还不清楚;(3)揭示园艺植物育种中如何通过调节DNA甲基化水平来改变性状并遗传给后代的机理等。这些问题的进一步探索研究,将为阐明并揭示园艺植物甲基化调控生长发育及逆境胁迫应答机制以及培育性状优良的园艺植物新品种提供理论依据。
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