摘要
百合(Lilium spp.)是多年生球根草本植物,观赏百合花姿端庄、花色多彩,是世界上最重要的观赏花卉之一,食用百合地下部分的肉质鳞茎可食用,有的种亦可入药或提取香料,是一种开发利用价值较高的植物资源。不同种类、含量的花青苷类物质分布在花被片上的不同区域形成了类型多样的观赏百合花色,食用百合鳞茎贮藏后期发生紫红色变化的现象亦主要由花青苷所引起。花青苷广泛分布于植物中,是一种重要的天然植物色素,其生物合成主要受到结构基因和调节基因的协同调控,环境因子也有一定影响,合成之后的积累则受到转运蛋白的调控。外观多样有益于提高观赏百合的观赏价值,而鳞茎色泽变化则会损害食用百合的商品价值。因此,本研究对观赏百合花和百合鳞茎的花青苷结构、生物合成途径、转录调控以及转运等方面进行回顾和总结,并对百合花青苷的研究方向提出了展望,以期为后续百合花青苷分子调控机制的研究提供参考,对定向改变百合花青苷的含量和积累部位提供借鉴。
花青苷(Anthocyanin)又名花色素苷、花青素苷,广泛分布于植物组织中,赋予根、茎、叶、花、果实等器官不同程度的粉、红、橘、蓝、紫等色
百合是百合科(Liliaceae)百合属(Lilium)多年生草本植物的总
目前,关于观赏百合花青苷调控机理的研究缺乏系统性,百合花色改良的工作存在较大的盲目性,难以实现花色定向分子育种;对食用百合花青苷合成通路的研究方兴未艾,而要实现从分子层面抑制百合鳞茎变色需要更为完整的理论支撑。为此,本研究回顾和总结了观赏百合花和食用百合鳞茎花青苷的生物合成通路,结构基因和调节基因对花青苷合成代谢的调控,以期为观赏百合花色改良和抑制食用百合变色及相关研究提供参考。
从化学结构上来看,花青苷主要是由6种花青素(
花青素种类 Anthocyanin types | 取代基1 R1 | 取代基2 R2 | 颜色 Color |
---|---|---|---|
矢车菊素Cyanidin | OH | H | 红色 |
天竺葵素Pelargonidin | H | H | 橘红色 |
飞燕草素Delphindin | OH | OH | 蓝紫色 |
矮牵牛素Petunidin | OMe | OH | 紫红色 |
芍药花素Peonidin | OMe | H | 紫红色 |
锦葵素Malvidin | OMe | OMe | 蓝紫色 |

图1 花青苷(A)及矢车菊素(B)的基本结
Fig.1 The core structure of anthocyanin(A) and cyanidin(B)
东方百合和亚洲百合中一些红色系品种的花被片以矢车菊素3-O-β-芸香苷(Cyanidin 3-O-β- rutinoside)为主要花青苷,矢车菊素3-O-β-芸香苷7-O-β-葡萄糖苷(Cyanidin 3-O-β-rutinoside 7-O-β- glucoside)为次要花青苷,后者仅在极少数品种中少量存
迄今为止,关于花青苷在植物体内的生物合成通路已清楚透彻,其合成途径属于类黄酮代谢途径的分支。植物花青苷的生物合成大致经历3个阶段(

图2 花青苷生物合成途
Fig.2 Anthocyanin biosynthetic pathwa
红框显示百合中主要的花青苷合成途径;PAL:苯丙氨酸解氨酶;C4H:肉桂酸-4-羟化酶;4CL:4-香豆酰-辅酶A连接酶;CHS:查尔酮合成酶;CHI:查尔酮异构酶;F3H:黄烷酮 3-羟化酶;F3’H:黄烷酮3’-羟化酶;F3’5’H:黄烷酮3’5’-羟化酶;FLS:黄酮醇合成酶;DFR:二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶;LAR:无色花色素还原酶;ANS:花青素合成酶;ANR:花青素还原酶;GT:糖基转移酶;MT:甲基转移酶; RT:鼠李糖转移酶;AT:酰基转移酶;GST:谷胱甘肽 S- 转移酶
Red box shows the main anthocyanin synthesis pathway in Lilium;PAL: Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H: Cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase; 4CL: 4-coumarate-CoA ligase; CHS: Chalcone synthase; CHI: Chalconeisomerase; F3H: Flavanone-3-hydroxylase; F3’H: Flavonoid-3’-hydroxylase; F3’5’H: Flavonoid-3’5’-hydroxylase; FLS: Flavonol synthase; DFR: Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase; LAR: Colorless phytochrome reductase; ANS: Anthocyanidin synthase; ANR:Anthocyanin reductase; GT: Glucosyltransferase; MT: Methyltransferase; RT: Rhamnosyltransferase; AT: Acyltransferase; GST: Glutathione S-transferase
花青苷在植物中的生物合成由CHS、CHI与F3H等早期结构基因和DFR、ANS及UFGT等晚期结构基因所编码的酶催化完成。对花青苷结构基因的研究在植物
东方百合Sorbonne为富含花青苷的粉色品种,另一同种属百合Siberia花被片为白色,Yang
随着基因克隆技术在百合花色研究中的应用,参与百合花青苷生物合成的结构基因得以克隆和功能验证(
基因类型 Gene species | 百合种类 Lilium types | 百合品种 Lilium breeding | 基因名称 Gene name | 功能描述 Function description | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
查尔酮合成酶基因 CHS | 亚洲百合 | Montreux |
LhCHSA、 LhCHSB、 LhCHSC | 百合有色组织及无色组织中均可表达 |
[ |
东方百合 | Sorbonne | LhCHS2 | VIGS干扰技术获得花色变化明显、花青苷含量有所降低的矮牵牛植株 |
[ | |
东方百合 | Siberia | LhCHS | 异源表达反义CHS转基因的本明烟草花瓣颜色变浅,正义CHS转基因的本明烟草颜色无变化 |
[ | |
二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶基因 DFR | 亚洲百合 | Montreux | LhDFR | 仅表达于百合的有色组织中 |
[ |
东方百合 | Sorbonne |
LoDFR1、 LoDFR2 | 异源表达使烟草植株花色明显淡化、花冠檐由粉色变为浅粉色 |
[ | |
野生百合 | Lilium speciosum | LsDFR | 序列突变导致花被片和花药中缺乏花青苷积累 |
[ | |
花青素合成酶基因 ANS | 东方百合 | Siberia |
LsANS1、 LsANS2、 LsANS3 | 异源表达LsANS1、LsANS3明显促进转基因拟南芥花青苷积累,LsANS2影响较小 |
[ |
以上结果均表明,结构基因对百合花青苷的生物合成至关重要。在观赏百合中,CHS、DFR和ANS等关键结构基因对花青苷积累及花被片着色的调控作用较为显著,单个基因的沉默、序列突变或异源表达往往会对花青苷合成途径的整体稳定性产生影响,从而影响靶组织中花青苷的生物合成。而将基因克隆、过表达等研究手段应用于食用百合花青苷结构基因的研究有待进一步拓展。
植物花青苷的合成与积累通常由内外因子协同调
MYB转录因子数目庞大、类别多,依据保守结构域所包含重复基序的个数可分为:1RMYB(R1/R2/R3-MYB)、2RMYB(R2R3-MYB)、3RMYB(R1R2R3-MYB)和4RMYB四大
LhMYB12和LhMYB6是最早发现参与调控观赏百合花青苷的转录因子。Abe
通过多序列比对和构建系统发育树深入了解百合MYB转录因子的进化关系。由

图3 百合花青苷相关MYB转录因子的多序列比对(部分氨基酸)
Fig.3 Multiple sequence alignment (partial amino acids) of anthocyanin related MYB TFs in Lilium
R2和R3结构域用黑色长线标记; ANDV基序用红色矩形框标记;AN2 亚组的保守基序RPQPR用黄色矩形框标记
The domains R2 and R3 were marked with black and long lines;ANDV-motif is marked with red box;The small motif RPQRP in the AN2 subgroup is marked by a black box

图4 百合花青苷相关MYB转录因子的系统发育树
Fig.4 Phylogenetic tree of anthocyanin related MYB TFs in Lilium
bHLH转录因子是仅次于MYB转录因子的第二大转录因子超家
到目前为止,与百合有关的WD40 蛋白的信息有限,Dou
其他转录因子家族也可能参与调控观赏百合花青苷的合成,如 WRKY家族。WRKY 家族成员通过间接调控花青苷合成的结构基因或者直接调控花青苷的运输、植物液泡酸度,从而影响花青苷的积
除了 MYB 阻遏物,研究还发现微小 RNA (microRNA,miRNA) 在转录后可使花青苷的合成受到抑制,如miR828、miR858和miR159能够靶向多种植物的R2R3-MYB基
根据在氨基酸序列上的同源性,可将调节花青苷生物合成的R2R3-MYB转录因子分为AN2和C1两个亚

图5 百合花青苷生物合成的转录调控网络
Fig.5 Transcriptional regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Lilium
红框显示百合中主要的花青苷转运蛋白; :正调控;
:负调控;?:调控机制尚不清楚
Red box shows the major anthocyanin transporter protein in Lilium;:Positive regulation;
:Negative regulation;?:Regulatory mechanism is unclear
花青苷由定位于细胞质内的多酶复合体催化合成,在液泡中储存且广泛分布于植物细胞
目前在观赏百合中已经阐明了两种转运机制(
随着研究的不断深入,对观赏百合花青苷合成通路的研究较为完善,已有许多结构基因和调控基因经过分离克隆并验证了其功能。关于食用百合花青苷合成调控的研究偏少,目前仅对调节基因LdMYB6进行分离鉴定和功能验证,结构基因尚无此类研究。减少鳞茎紫红色变化可以提高食用百合的品质和商品价值,因此充分了解鳞茎花青苷合成的调控机理很有必要,相关研究有待进一步拓展。
许多植物对调控基因的研究大多集中在MYB、bHLH和WD40三类转录因子,以及三者互作形成的MBW复合体上,相比之下,MBW复合体对花青苷合成的调控作用更强,是当前的研究热点。然而在百合中,与MYB负调控因子、bHLH及WD40转录因子相关的研究较少,尚未发现与MBW复合物相关的研究,关于它们在百合花青苷合成调控中的作用机制有待探索。
众所周知,花青苷的生物合成是一个极其复杂的过程,除结构基因和调节基因外,各种环境因子也与花青苷的形成与积累密切相关。而对于光照、温度、糖、PH、金属离子等外界环境因素的响应因子是如何通过与调控基因和结构基因相互作用来影响百合花青苷的合成还有很多未知之处,深入研究各环境因子在花青苷生物合成途径中的调控机制对于探明百合花青苷的调控网络具有重要意义。
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