摘要
辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)作物经济价值高、种植广泛,我国大多数辣椒栽培品种株型较高、分枝多、易倒伏、不利于机械化生产,人工生产成本不断上涨。随着农业生产技术水平的提高,劳动力日益紧缺,传统农业向现代机械化农业的转变迫在眉睫。作物理想株型的提出让植物株型调控成为遗传育种中的热点,可为辣椒株型调控机制的解析提供借鉴。本文围绕近年来国内外学者对植物株型调控遗传因素、分子机制、植物激素与株型的生物学关联方面和环境对株型的影响取得的研究成果进行综述,并提出了辣椒理想株型的设想。良好的辣椒株型能提高植株生产能力,便于管理,缓解劳动力紧缺,加速机械化生产进程。目前,关于辣椒株型调控机制的研究报道很少,因此探讨植物株型调控育种机制和遗传基础,有利于为良好株型种质资源的创制和加快新品种选育提供理论支持,为遗传育种奠定基础。
植物株型是重要的性状,在植物的生长发育过程中担任“中枢”功能,根据植物生理器官空间位置的不同分布及特点,株型主要包括株高、分枝数量、分枝角度、始花节位
辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)是一年或多年生的草本茄科作物,其株型可以归纳为3种类型,直立型、半直立型、开展型。直立型的辣椒株型较为紧凑,分枝角度小,植株挺拔、株高较高,适合密植;开展型植株叶片大而开散,具有更大的占地面积,受光面积广,但植株下层较为隐蔽不利于通
作物理想株型模型是1968年由澳大利亚科学家Donald首次提出,他将作物中竞争个体强度最小而果实同化率最大的株型称为理想株型。Donal
辣椒为假二杈分枝株型,具株幅开散且第一分杈离地较远易倒伏、坐果分散且成熟度不一致、不便采集等特点,需要耗费大量人工进行侧枝摘除,且后期果实采收不利于机械化,耗时费力,生产成本高。随着农业生产技术水平的提高,劳动力日益紧缺,传统农业向现代机械化农业的转变迫在眉睫。现阶段辣椒理想株型应向适于机械化和田间密植等方向进行选育,有限分枝能力、分枝夹角尤其第一分枝角度、侧枝数量、果实朝
温度、光照、水分、营养等因素对植物株型具有重大影响。在高温蒸腾作用下良好的植物株型能让植株经济地利用水分,不会因水分的大量丧失而枯萎,例如在玉米中,直立型叶片的蒸腾速率显著低于平展型叶片,紧凑型植株比平展型植株更适合高温抗旱栽
辣椒生产中良好的株型受多方面环境条件的影响。幼苗期需要良好的光照条件,如花期遇阴雨天,光照减弱,植株茎秆支撑力弱,开花数减少,影响产量。辣椒喜氮肥,在营养生长期氮肥的合理利用能显著提高植株的体内养分、增加分枝数量,还能提高坐花坐果
激素对植物株型具有重要影响,其中生长素(Auxin)、赤霉素(GAs,gibberellin)、油菜素内酯(BR,brassinolide)、独角金内酯(SL,strigolactone)影响较为广泛。在独角金内酯的突变体中,植物株高的降低可能是由于分枝数量增加导致的,植物的茎产生过多分枝会影响植物营养的重新分配从而影响茎的伸
赤霉素和油菜素内酯两种激素对辣椒株型的影响较大。辣椒中的油菜素内酯不敏感矮秆突变体E29,其基因的突变导致油菜素内酯合成中的核心基因CaDWF4和CaROT3不能正确转录,且CaBRI1基因中由于碱基C突变成T,降低了催化激酶的活性,表现出矮化表
影响株型的遗传机制复杂,20世纪60年代 “绿色革命”中小麦矮秆基因的利用,小麦的倒伏和不耐水肥问题得到解决,产量显著提
通过VIGS(Virus induced gene silencing)技术,辣椒CaBRI1基因沉默后的植株株高降低、发育速度变
目前学者们对辣椒株型性状的研究还不全面,已有的研究主要聚焦株高、株幅等性状,其控制基因尚不明确,大部分停留在QTL定位水平。分枝角度、茎秆支撑力等辣椒株型核心性状的基础研究仍是空白,辣椒株型性状遗传规律的探究还需要研究者们的努
性状 Traits | QTL | 贡献率(%) Contribution | 位置(cM) Position | 染色体 Chromosome | 参考文献 References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
株高 Stem length | ph2.1 |
[ | |||
ph3.1 | |||||
ph4.1 | |||||
ph6.1 | |||||
ph8.1 | |||||
PH6.1 | 9.42 | 62.7 |
[ | ||
PH13.1 | 8.72 | 68.6 | |||
PH14.1 | 10.39 | 24.6 | |||
PH6.2 | 13.56 | 1 | |||
PH7.1 | 13.56 | 49.1 | |||
PH-2 | 9.2~10.0 | 92.7~100.9 | 2 |
[ | |
PH-4 | 8.3~10.4 | 96.2~102.3 | 4 | ||
PH-6 | 7.8~12.8 | 63.2~80.2 | 6 | ||
株高 Stem length | sl2.1 | 14.7 | 41 |
[ | |
sl9.1 | 14.6 | 18 | |||
sl6.1 | 22.2 | 20 | |||
P5 |
[ | ||||
P11 | |||||
株幅 Plant elongation | PW-2 | 3.0~4.4 | 34.5~44.9 | 2 |
[ |
PW-5 | 3.5~6.0 | 33.3~41.2 | 5 | ||
pe1.1 | 15 | 17 |
[ | ||
pe6.1 | 10.4 | 29 | |||
主茎高 Main stem length | PAL3.1 | 17.83 | 18.1 |
[ | |
PAL14.1 | 19.08 | 24.4 | |||
MSL-7 | 2.6~4.0 | 47.2~51.5 | 7 |
[ | |
MSL-8.1 | 3.3~4.5 | 84.2~94.9 | 8 | ||
MSL-8.2 | 2.6~3.0 | 111.1~133.2 | 8 | ||
MSL-10 | 5.9~7.5 | 58.4~62.6 | 10 | ||
MSL-11 | 2.8~3.0 | 76.9~82.7 | 11 | ||
MSL-12 | 2.6~3.0 | 57.8~63.0 | 12 | ||
P3 | 68.3 |
[ | |||
LG8 | 90.8 | ||||
P12 | 1.2 | ||||
Axl2.1 |
[ | ||||
Axl6.1 IM | |||||
Axl9.1 | |||||
AxlLG24.1 IM | |||||
AxlLG47.1 | |||||
侧枝长度 Lateral bud | lb4.1 | 14.1 | 12 |
[ | |
lb11.1 | 14.1 | 37 | |||
lb11.2 | 9 | 47 | |||
侧枝数 Lateral branch number | LBN-2.1 | 0.9~1.9 | 91.4~98.3 |
[ | |
LBN-2.2 | 0.7~1.4 | 99.7~104.5 | |||
P2 b | 34.8 |
[ | |||
P3 | 120.7 | ||||
LG8 | 63.8 | ||||
节间长度 Internode length | INL-1 | 0.8~0.9 | 28.8~32.9 | 1 |
[ |
INL-2 | 0.8~1.0 | 82.3~90.8 | 2 | ||
INL-6.1 | 0.7~0.8 | 0.0~4.9 | 6 | ||
INL-6.2 | 0.7~0.8 | 25.8~37.2 | 6 | ||
INL-10 | 0.7~0.8 | 0.6~22.5 | 10 | ||
nl1.1 |
[ | ||||
Inl2.1 | |||||
InlLG28.1 IM |
辣椒的株型调控研究影响重大,在遗传育种中起到重要作用。根据国内外关于株型调控的研究现状,本研究认为可以在以下方面继续突破。
(1)辣椒生产从传统的精耕细作向机械化生产的转变迫在眉睫。辣椒的生产和管理需要大量劳动力,成本与产量不成正比,因此降低辣椒生产成本、提升种植效益,培育新一代适应机械化生产的理想株型辣椒具有重要意义。将辣椒的生产与最佳生产环境结合进行研究、因地制宜总结出适应不同辣椒品种的生产环境因素,促进具有统一机械化、规模化的生产工作。
(2)辣椒株型调控的分子领域研究是未来的机遇与挑战。根据前人的研究,许多调控辣椒株型农艺性状的QTL位点和基因已被报道,研究辣椒生长发育中的基因功能和调控机制是重要目标。在传统的育种工作中需要进行杂交育种,年限较长,运用分子标记辅助育种和CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑等技术,能将作物的特定性状运用到育种生产中,加速作物的育种进程、推动产业多样性的发展,为分子育种提供重大支撑。
(3)作物种质资源研究是育种中的重点。目前关于株型调控的育种研究主要集中在水稻、玉米等禾本科植物中,园艺植物的研究起步较晚。我国已成为世界第一大辣椒生产国与消费国,辣椒育种处于世界领先水平,保存了丰富的种质资源,因此加强辣椒品种资源的研究,对加速理想株型育种的进程具有重要意义。辣椒的有限分枝能力、分枝夹角尤其第一分枝角度、侧枝数量、果实朝向、茎秆粗壮等性状及其调控基因应作为辣椒理想株型分子聚合育种的研究重点。
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