摘要
一年生簇毛麦(Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy)是普通小麦野生近缘种之一,也是近年来应用较广泛的小麦遗传资源。簇毛麦在长期进化过程中,形成了许多可用于小麦遗传改良的重要农艺性状,包括对非生物和生物胁迫的抗性、优良品质等。本文简述了簇毛麦与普通小麦的同源关系、与小麦属杂交亲和性,以及将簇毛麦染色体、片段、基因导入普通小麦的有效方法,综述了簇毛麦对白粉病、纹枯病、条锈病、眼斑病、黄花叶病、全蚀病、胞囊线虫病等病害的抗性基因和对应的染色体,簇毛麦品质基因(如:高赖氨酸含量和多态性贮藏蛋白等)和簇毛麦耐旱、光周期等其他基因。介绍了簇毛麦抗白粉病基因Pm21和PmV在小麦改良和育种中的应用及其巨大价值,展望了簇毛麦后续研究前景和可能存在的问题。本综述对挖掘与利用簇毛麦有益基因、拓宽小麦遗传资源、加快小麦遗传改良进程以及重要基因功能研究均具有参考价值。
普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.,2n=42,AABBDD)是人类主要口粮作物之一,在长期演变过程中,由于人工选择导致其遗传基础日趋狭窄,遗传脆弱性逐渐增加。由于现代小麦商业化育种模式和机械化生产方式集中利用少数遗传资源和高产品种,导致育成品种同质化较严重、遗传相似度较高、多样性降低等问
一年生簇毛麦(Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy,又名Haynaldia villosa Schur)属于禾本科(Gramineae)小麦族(Triticeae)小麦亚族(Triticinae)簇毛麦属(Dasypyrum)植物,异花授粉,颖脊上有簇生长毛。簇毛麦属包含一年生簇毛麦(D. villosum)和多年生簇毛麦(Dasypyrum breviaristatum (Lindb.f.) Frederiksen)。一年生簇毛麦为二倍体(2n=14,VV),原产于地中海地区的东北部:从法国南部至里海的南欧、西南亚、俄罗斯和高加索地
簇毛麦染色体1V~7V与小麦染色体第1~7群分别存在部分同源关系。Hollora
但是,簇毛麦与小麦亲缘关系较远,簇毛麦V基因组与小麦A、B、D基因组几乎不发生染色体配对与重组,难以通过传统杂交实现基因交
自20世纪以来,许多学者进行过小麦与簇毛麦杂交的研
对簇毛麦种质的研究和利用,主要经历了远缘杂交、双倍体、异附加系或异代换系、易位系4个阶段。簇毛麦有益基因导入小麦,大都是以六倍体或八倍体小簇麦为中间材料,通过杂交、回交、组织培养等途径获得异附加系、异代换系及易位系实现的。目前应用较多的小麦-簇毛麦附加系有Sears等创制的DA1V#1~DA7V#1,南京农业大学培育的 DA1V#2~DA7V#2,Lukaszewski等培育的DA1V#3~DA7V#
李义文
由于簇毛麦与小麦染色体间难以实现交换与重组,电离辐射成为诱导小麦-簇毛麦易位系的主要途径。Cao
根据前人研究结果,总结了簇毛麦在生境压力和自然选择下保留的一些重要抗病基因(
染色体 Chromosome | 基因 Gene | 抗病性 Disease resistance | 参考文献Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1VS#5 | Pm67 | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
1VS | Pm1V | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
2V | SrTA10276-2V | 抗秆锈病 |
[ |
2VL#5 | Pm62 | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
3V | YrCD-3 | 抗条锈病 |
[ |
4V | PchDv | 抗眼斑病 |
[ |
4VS | Wss1 | 抗黄花叶病 |
[ |
5V | LecRK-V | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
5VL | PDI-V | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
5VS | Yr5V | 抗条锈病 |
[ |
5VS | Pm5V | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
5VS | Pm55 | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
6VS#2 | Pm21/PmV | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
6VL#3 | Sr52 | 抗秆锈病 |
[ |
6VS#4 | DvLox | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
6VS#4 | Pm21#4 | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
6VS#4 | Pm21#4-H | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
6VL | CMPG1-V | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
6VS | Stpk-V | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
6VS | NLR1-V | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
6VS#4 | PmV/PmV-can | 抗白粉病 |
[ |
1VS#5:1为染色体序号,V为染色体组,S为染色体短臂,#5为簇毛麦来源或编号;L:染色体长臂;以此类推
1VS#5 :1 is the chromosome number, V is the genome , S is the short arm of chromosome, and #5 is the source or accession of D. villosa;L:Long arm of chromosome ;And so on
此外,簇毛麦2VL抗纹枯病
簇毛麦在小麦品质改良方面具有重要应用价值。刘大钧
张瑞
簇毛麦的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)Glu-V1与小麦的Glu-A1、Glu-B1和Glu-D1具有相似的分子量,均由第一部分同源群染色体所编码,不同的是,小麦的麦谷蛋白亚基位于第一部分同源群染色体长臂,而簇毛麦的麦谷蛋白亚基位于1V染色体短臂。Kozub
簇毛麦醇溶蛋白酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱在α、β、γ区均有特征带,簇毛麦醇溶蛋白Gli-V1、Gli-V2、Gli-V3三个基因分别位于1VS、6VS和4VL上,这3个位点分别编码7个、2个、2个Gli亚基。周佳
杨
综上研究表明,簇毛麦籽粒蛋白质含量高,并具有较高的赖氨酸含量,其贮藏蛋白位点具有多态性,可有效改良小麦品质,有望成为当前小麦品质育种产生突破性进展的宝贵资源。
小麦-簇毛麦易位系T5DL·5V#3S(TA5638)具有较强的耐旱性,其耐旱机制与根系相关,可用于根系构型、抗旱性分子遗传机制研究和抗旱育
Dwarf53 (D53)基因可调节腋芽活性、茎生长、根系分枝等生理过程。Mikhail
颖壳脊上长刚毛是簇毛麦的典型特征,该性状的基因位于2V染色体,在小麦遗传背景中优势表达。Zhang
光周期反应是小麦重要的生理性状,主要受3个主效基因Ppd- D1、Ppd-B1和Ppd-A1控制,位于小麦第2群染色体的短臂上,影响幼穗发育、抽穗期、株高和穗
簇毛麦6VS上的Pm21是目前抗谱最广、抗性最强的白粉病抗性基因,同时其载体6VS·6AL易位系未发现明显不利连锁性状,被广泛应用于小麦新品种选育。据南京农业大学统计:以小麦-簇毛麦6VS·6AL易位系为亲本,国内育种单位已先后选育40余个抗病、高产新品种(
省份 Province | 品种(审定编号) Varieties(approval number) |
---|---|
江苏Jiangsu | 南农9918(苏审麦200204)、扬麦5号(苏种审字第70号,GS02005-1990)、扬麦15(苏审麦200502)、扬麦18(皖麦2008001、苏审麦200901、浙审麦2011001、沪农品审小麦2013第004号)、扬麦158(浙品审字第181号、GS02001-1997) |
四川Sichuan | 内麦8号(川审麦2003003、黔引麦2007001)、内麦9号(川审麦2004005、国审麦2006001)、内麦10号(国审麦2006001)、内麦11号(国审麦2006001)、内麦836(国审麦2008001)、蜀麦375(川审麦2007005)、蜀麦482(川审麦2008004)、绵麦185(川审麦2008005)、绵麦228(川审麦2011001)、绵麦37(川审麦2004002)、绵麦42(川审麦2006002) |
河北 Hebei | 石麦14(冀审麦2004005号)、石麦15(冀审麦2005003、冀审麦2007009、国审麦2007017、国审麦2009025、津审麦2010001、冀审麦2011005)、金禾9123(国审麦2008012、国审麦2012008) |
陕西 Shaanxi | 远丰175(陕审麦2005006) |
河南 Henan | 中育9号(豫审麦2004020) |
甘肃 Gansu | 兰天17(甘审麦20050011)、兰天24(甘审麦2009014)、中梁29(甘审麦2009013) |
云南 Yunnan | 云麦52号(滇审麦200704)、云杂5号(滇审麦200401) |
贵州 Guizhou | 贵农18(黔审麦2007003)、贵农19号(黔审麦2007004)、贵农7号、安麦7号(黔审麦2010004)、贵农25(黔审麦2008002)、贵农26(黔审麦2008003)、黔麦19号(黔审麦2011002)、丰优8号(黔审麦2007008)、丰优9号(黔审麦2008001)、丰优10号(黔审麦2010003)、兴育823 |
为了消除6VS整臂易位系携带的遗传累赘,育种家们进行了Pm21基因的应用研究。Chen
利用抗病基因,培育抗病品种,是目前公认的解决小麦白粉病的根本途径。簇毛麦是小麦改良和遗传育种研究的宝贵资源,国内率先发现簇毛麦高抗小麦白粉病,通过物理辐射,结合外源抗性追踪、分子原位杂交、染色体分带、非整倍体分析和分子标记等技术,将其抗性基因Pm21成功转移进栽培小麦,育成了一批抗白粉病品种。迄今已通过染色体工程创造出多个含Pm21基因且易于利用的小片段易位
除了抗病性,簇毛麦还具备抗虫、优质、耐旱等特性,各种有利于小麦改良的性状正在被陆续发现。需要重视对簇毛麦各种优异基因的发掘、鉴定和利用,对优异性状的调控机理和相关机制进行解析和探索,将优异基因应用于品种改良和生产实践。
与普通小麦的异源六倍体基因组相比,簇毛麦遗传信息和结构相对简单,对簇毛麦全基因组信息的获取和解析还需要加强研究,为更好利用簇毛麦进行小麦改良提供支持。无遗传累赘的小麦-簇毛麦易位系的创制与应用,仍是今后小麦育种材料创新与新品种培育的重要发力
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