摘要
百合(Lilium spp.)原产于我国,在我国花卉产业中有着重要而特殊的地位。花香是其观赏性状的重要标签,已有研究结果表明,不同香型的百合主要花香成分差异较大,浓香型与淡香型百合的差异主要集中在萜烯类物质的不同,而采样时期、部位、环境、激素等均会导致花香成分变化。目前百合花香物质合成通路研究集中在萜烯合成通路上,多为萜烯合酶的功能研究及上游调控网络解析,而其他花香成分代谢途径基因的功能解析及分子调控机制的研究仍存在许多未解之谜。由于对百合花香合成及调控机制的解析不够全面与深入,难以支撑花香的精准改造,导致百合花香育种进程缓慢。深入挖掘与利用百合花香基因、完善相关代谢途径及调控网络可能会是百合花香的下一步研究重点。本文对百合花香的前期研究进行了回顾和总结,并对后期的研究方向提出展望,以期为后续百合花香分子调控机制研究提供参考,对定向培育香气怡人的百合新品种提供借鉴。
百合(Lilium spp.)是百合科(Liliaccae)百合属(Lilium)所有种的总称,为多年生单子叶草本植物。因其花大色艳,花型优雅,并附有“百年好合”、“百事合意”等美好寓意而深受我国消费者的喜爱。在全球花卉贸易,尤其是种球生产和鲜切花贸易中,百合都占据重要地位,被称为“球根花卉之王
植物花香化合物是植物花朵释放的次生代谢产物,它由许多低分子量、低沸点且易挥发的化合物组
植物花香挥发物根据其生物合成来源主要包括3大类:萜烯类(Terpenoids)、苯环/苯丙素类(Phenylpropanoids/benzenoids)和脂肪酸类衍生物(Fatty acid derivatives
系列 Species | 物种名 Species name | 主要挥发物 Main volatiles | 参考文献 References |
---|---|---|---|
东方百合杂种系 Oriental hybrids | 阳光博尔岛 | 罗勒烯 |
[ |
粉冠军 | 罗勒烯 |
[ | |
爱情故事 | 芳樟醇 |
[ | |
索邦 | 罗勒烯 |
[ | |
卡萨布兰卡 | 苯甲醇 |
[ | |
西伯利亚 | 芳樟醇、罗勒烯 |
[ | |
麝香百合杂种系 Longiflorum hybrids | 白天堂 | 罗勒烯、芳樟醇 |
[ |
亚洲百合杂种系 Asiatic hybrids | 白色精灵 | 2,2,6-三甲基癸烷、2,6,10-三甲基十二烷 |
[ |
红色精灵 | 2,3,3-三甲基辛烷、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷 |
[ | |
穿梭 | 甘醇酸 |
[ | |
红生命 | 柠檬烯 |
[ | |
LA Longiflorum×Asiatic | 音乐 | 2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷、2,2-二甲基十一烷 |
[ |
爱神 | 石竹烯 |
[ | |
耀眼 | 橙花叔醇 |
[ | |
OT Oriental×Trumpet | 萨尔塔列洛 | 罗勒烯 |
[ |
野生种 Wild | 岷江百合 | 1,8-桉叶素 |
[ |
细叶百合 | 1,8-桉叶素 |
[ | |
通江百合 | 1,8-桉叶素 |
[ | |
黄绿花滇百合 | 芳樟醇 |
[ | |
川滇百合 | 芳樟醇 |
[ | |
卷丹 | 亚油酸 |
[ |
根据百合花香的主效挥发物可将百合香型分为6类,分别为无香型(Faint-scented)、冰凉型(Cool)、果香型(Fruity)、麝香型(Musky)、水果蜂蜜香型(Fruity-honey)和百合香型(Lily),每个香型主效挥发物差异较大。无香型百合虽然可用仪器检测到少量挥发物,但其释放量不足以被人们所闻到,冰凉型主要释放出高比例的桉树醇,果香型主要释放苯甲酸甲酯,麝香型释放高浓度的桉树醇和苯甲酸甲酯,水果蜂蜜香型百合挥发物以芳樟醇、罗勒烯及月桂烯等单萜类物质为主,而百合香型主要以罗勒烯和苯甲酸甲酯为
百合花香释放部位主要为花瓣,三大类挥发物均可检测到,而其他花部结构(花药、花丝、心皮)中挥发物主要以脂肪酸衍生物为主,萜烯类挥发物仅可检测到倍半萜石竹
花香释放是植物对外界环境变化的应激策略,受到多种因素影响,光照作为重要的环境信号,参与植物生长发育与次生代谢调控。目前已有报道阐明光质影响萜烯类挥发物的作用机
植物激素是一类小分子有机物,是植物调节自身生长发育和抵御外界伤害及应答环境变化过程中合成的防御物质。茉莉素(JAs,jasmonates)是一类新型植物激素,在植物体内广泛存在,具有广泛的生理作用。用200 μmol/L和600 μmol/L的茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA,methyl jasmonate)溶液处理西伯利亚百合花瓣后,其花香挥发物释放量得到显著提
百合花香挥发物合成途径主要为萜类途径,由甲戊酸途径(MVA,mevalonate pathway)和甲基赤藓糖醇磷酸途径(MEP,methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway)促进萜类生物合
百合中编码甲基赤藓糖醇磷酸上游途径的酶的基因LiDXS和LiDXR已被成功克隆,并发现其在西伯利亚与罗马广场中表达量差异显著,同时其表达水平同单萜释放量趋势一

图1 百合萜烯类挥发物生物合成结构基因研究现状
Fig. 1 Current status of research on biosynthetic structural genes of terpene volatile compounds in lilies
红色表示该基因已在百合中成功克隆,蓝色表示尚无报道,箭头表示单向合成, 双箭头表示可逆反应
Red indicates that the gene has been successfully cloned in lilies, while blue indicates that there have been no reports yet, arrows indicate unidirectional synthesis, double arrows indicate reversible reactions
苯丙素类化合物合成途径以苯丙氨酸(Phenylalanine)为起始,经苯丙氨酸裂解酶催化后生成反式肉桂酸,然后经过进一步修饰后生成一系列的次生代谢产物。百合花香挥发物中同样含有较高含量的苯甲酸甲酯,其合成是以苯甲酸为底物,以S-腺苷-甲硫氨酸作为甲基供体,在苯环型羧基甲基转移酶的催化下完
百合中仅存在少量的挥发性脂肪酸类衍生物,针对其生物合成途径尚无报道。
转录调控研究已被广泛应用到探究植物性状(如花色、花型、抗逆等)形成机制中,但百合复杂且巨大的基因组严重限制了其机制研究,大多研究集中在转录因子与性状的相关性,而转录调控网络的构建远远落后于其他植物。针对百合最主要挥发物萜烯类的研究多集中在合成途径的各种限速或催化酶,其转录调控研究刚刚起步。王
花香释放规律和影响因子需进一步完善。近年来,人们在百合花香挥发物的类型和释放规律等方面取得了巨大的进步,花香挥发物的合成释放是一个极其复杂的过程,各种环境因子对花香合成释放均存在影响,例如光质影响金鱼草花香挥发物的释
花香合成通路和转录调控研究有待进一步拓展。前期关于百合花香生物合成的研究多聚焦在结构基因的分离与克隆,且大多围绕萜烯通路最后一步关键合成酶展开研究,萜烯合成通路上游仍存在大量关键基因的功能尚未解析。苯甲酸甲酯等苯丙烷类挥发物为百合第二大类挥发物,但其合成通路的关注度远低于萜烯合成通路。而转录调控网络的构建也尚处于起步阶段,前期已解析了部分转录因子对萜烯合酶的调控作用,但对于其他生物合成通路结构基因的调控仍不清晰,需要进一步解析。
翻译后修饰在百合花香中的空白需要弥补。有研究发现,microRNAs(miRNAs)和long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)通过靶向结构基因和转录因子参与银杏(Ginkgo biloba)萜内酯的生物合
分子辅助育种需提上日程。目前对花香育种尚未展开系统研究,仅有日本学者通过传统杂交手段成功将香气引入亚洲百合,但育种周期冗
花香不仅具有重要的生理生态功能,也是衡量花卉观赏价值和经济价值的核心指标。近年来,从香花植物中提取精油和香料也成为发展趋势。深入探索花香合成的遗传调控机制,人工定向改良,培育花香新品种,成为当今花卉分子育种领域的前沿热点,具有重要的科学与生产应用价值。
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