摘要
百合(Lilium spp.)是多年生球根草本植物,包括观赏、食用和药用百合,具有较高的经济价值。百合遗传背景复杂、杂合度高、远缘杂交不亲和,且传统杂交育种周期长、育种精度低,难以快速高效地培育目标品种。目前,包括现代杂交育种、诱变育种、倍性育种、体细胞杂交育种和基因工程育种在内的现代育种技术均已在百合中应用。本文总结了百合杂交育种中远缘杂交不亲和的克服方法,诱变育种中的诱变条件,倍性育种中多倍体育种和单倍体育种主要采取的技术手段,体细胞杂交育种原生质体分离纯化和杂交的条件以及基因工程育种中百合遗传转化体系和基因编辑体系的研究进展。在此基础上,列举了不同百合育种方法和技术的研究案例,分析了不同育种技术面临的问题,并展望了百合育种技术的进一步发展和应用前景,旨在为未来百合育种技术及其应用的研究提供有价值的参考,并为更多百合新品种的创制提供依据。
百合(Lilium spp.)是百合科(Liliaceae)百合属(Lilium)多年生草本球根植物的统称,具有观赏、食用和药用等多种经济价值。因其优雅别致,色彩丰富,幽香袭人,百合花被誉为“云裳仙子”,受到人们的喜爱。目前,百合已被广泛应用于园林造景、盆花和鲜切花的生产,成为世界五大切花之
杂交育种是百合新品种选育的主要途径。育种目标主要包括改良花型花色花香、培育多功能兼用型以及提高百合抗逆性等方
百合受精前障碍表现为花粉不萌发或花粉管生长受阻,蕾期授粉和延迟授粉等授粉技术是克服受精前障碍的重要方
百合受精后障碍通常表现为种胚发育不良或中途败育,常与受精前障碍同时存在。百合的胚挽救工作是克服百合受精后障碍最有效的方
不同百合品种的杂交亲和性主要受到遗传背景的影响,针对不同的杂交组合,需要采取相应的技术才能更好地解决杂交不亲和的问题。李润根
现阶段百合中仍然缺乏普适性的克服杂交不亲和的手段,不同杂交组合的亲和性和改良方式需要科研工作者进行实验评估,这不仅增加了育种周期,也不利于高效整合百合的优异性状。
诱变育种通过人为方式提高植物发生突变的频率,由于突变不定向,大多数为有害突变。近10年百合诱变育种工作开展较多,常用方法包括物理诱变(例
60Co-γ射线在百合鳞茎的诱变中有着广泛的应用。11个百合主要栽培品种的辐照诱变研究表明,拔节株率可以代表百合辐照敏感性,西伯利亚(Siberia)和卡莎布兰卡(Casablanc)的半致死剂量为5 Gy左右,索邦(Sorbonne)为3 Gy,欧宝(Lombardia)为1 G
甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS,ethyl methane sulfonate)是一种常用的化学诱变剂,能诱发产生高密度的系列等位基因点突变。用NaN3与EMS处理湖北百合鳞片愈伤组织,并以盐胁迫环境进行筛选,结果表明3 mmol/L 的NaN3处理3 h达半致死,诱变率为46.7%,使用0.4% EMS再次诱变3 h达半致死,诱变率为53.3%;筛选出的湖北百合新陈代谢水平较高,表现出对盐胁迫的适应
百合的诱变育种工作起步较晚,由于诱变的随机性,目前百合的诱变育种主要是对诱变条件的摸索以及诱变材料的鉴定和评价。这些结果为大规模开展百合诱变工作,建立突变体库提供了理论依据。
多倍体植物含有多套染色体组,一般在组织和器官上都表现出明显的巨大性,表现为茎秆粗壮、叶片宽厚、表面粗糙、叶色加深、花大色艳、重瓣性加强等,对于观赏价值的提升有明显的作用。天然的多倍体植物不易获得,百合的多倍体主要通过有性多倍化和无性多倍化两种路径获得。百合的有性多倍化在杂交育种工作中已经进行了归纳,主要是基于百合减数分裂异常和倍性间杂
类型 Type | 植物组织 Tissue | 化学试剂 Chemical reagent | 最适浓度 Optimal concentration | 处理时间(h) Time | 加倍率(%) Induction rate | 倍性鉴定方法 Methods of polyploid Identification | 参考文献 References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
东方百合 L. Oriental 'Con. Amore' | 幼嫩花芽 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 72 | 9.5 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
东方百合 L. Oriental ' Acapulco ' | 25.8 | ||||||
亚洲百合波莉安娜(A) L. hybrida var. pollyanna(A) | 鳞茎 | 氨璜灵 | 0.001% | 6 | 1.1 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
兰州百合 L.davidii var. unicolor | 鳞片 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 24 | 60 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
山丹 L.pumilum | 鳞茎 | 秋水仙素 | 0.04% | 24 | - | 根尖染色体计数和流式细胞术 |
[ |
氨璜灵 | 0.01% | 24 | - | ||||
氨璜灵 | 0.006% | 48 | - | ||||
泸定百合 L. sargentiae | 秋水仙素 | 0.02% | 48 | - | |||
氨璜灵 | 0.01% | 24 | - | ||||
氨璜灵 | 0.006% | 48 | - | ||||
崂山百合 L. tsingtauense | 秋水仙素 | 0.04% | 48 | - | |||
氨璜灵 | 0.01% | 24 | - | ||||
氨璜灵 | 0.006% | 48 | - | ||||
杂交百合(A) Lily hybrid(A) | 小鳞茎 | 氨璜灵 | 0.003% | 4 | 19 | 荧光原位杂交技术 |
[ |
氨璜灵 | 0.005% | 4 | 23 | ||||
细叶百合 L.pumilum | 种子 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 24 | 30 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
淡黄花百合 L. sulphureum |
2年生种球 新芽 | 秋水仙素 | 0.15% | 48 | 16.67 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
朝鲜百合 L.amabile | 小鳞茎 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 48 | 50 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
湖北百合 L. henryi | 鳞片 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 48 | 20 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
大花卷丹 L. leichtlinii var. maximowiczii | 小鳞茎 | 秋水仙素 | 0.2% | 9 | 50 |
根尖染色体计数 流式细胞术 |
[ |
条叶百合 L.callosum | 小鳞茎 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 48 | 100 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
紫斑百合 L. nepalense | 丛生芽 | 秋水仙素 | 0.3% | 浸泡12 h | 10 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
秋水仙素 | 0.7% | 混培 | 46.67 | ||||
有斑百合 L. concolor var. pulchellum | 种子 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 36 | 44.43 |
根尖染色体计数 流式细胞术 |
[ |
杂交百合(FO) Lily hybrid(FO) | 小鳞茎 | 秋水仙素 | 1.25 mmol/L | 24 | 51.05 |
根尖染色体计数 流式细胞术 |
[ |
细叶百合 L.pumilum | 胚性愈伤 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 24 | 48 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
兰州百合 L.davidii var. unicolor | 胚性愈伤 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 24 | 57.14 | 根尖染色体计数 | |
轮叶百合 L. distichum | 体细胞胚 | 秋水仙素 | 0.05% | 48 | 28.57 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
鳞片 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 24 | 25 | |||
垂花百合 L. cernuum | 体细胞胚 | 秋水仙素 | 0.05% | 24 | 23.08 | 根尖染色体计数 | |
鳞片 | 秋水仙素 | 0.05% | 48 | 20 | |||
东方百合 L. Oriental 'Sorbonne' | 胚性愈伤 | 秋水仙素 | 0.5 mg/L | 24 | 12.14 |
根尖染色体计数 流式细胞术 |
[ |
岷江百合 L. regale | 鳞片 | 秋水仙素 | 0.01% | 24 | 27.3 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
渥丹 L. concolor | 种子 | 秋水仙素 | 0.05% | 48 | 20 | 根尖染色体技术 |
[ |
杂交百合黄精灵(OT) Lily hybrid OT Yelloween | 鳞片 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 48 | 56 | 根尖染色体计数 |
[ |
兰州百合 L.davidii var. unicolor | 鳞片 | 秋水仙素 | 0.025% | 24 | 33.33 |
根尖染色体计数 流水细胞术 |
[ |
南川百合 L. rosthornii | 种子 | 秋水仙素 | 0.05% | 36 | 27.78 |
根尖染色体计数 流式细胞术 |
[ |
氨璜灵 | 0.01% | 24 | 22.22 | ||||
岷江百合 L. regale | 鳞片 | 秋水仙素 | 0.025% | 2 | 16.67 |
根尖染色体计数 流式细胞术 |
[ |
种子 | 秋水仙素 | 0.1% | 36 | 12.00 | |||
杂交百合(FA) Lily hybrid(FA) | 小鳞茎 | 秋水仙素 | 0.05% | - | - |
根尖染色体计数 流式细胞术 |
[ |
括号内为百合杂交种的亲本类群,A指亚洲百合,L指麝香百合/铁炮百合,T指长筒百合/喇叭百合,O指东方百合;-表示数据不明,下同
Data in parentheses indicates the parental groups of hybrid lilies, where A stands for Asian lilies, L stands for Longiflorum lilies, T stands for Trumpet lilies, and O stands for Oriental lilies;- indicates data is unknown,the same as below
近年来,国内外研究者对不同百合品种的多倍体诱导条件进行了探索,并对诱导得到的材料进行了倍性鉴定。利用山丹(L.pumilum)、泸定百合(L. sargentiae)、崂山百合(L. tsingtauense)、玫红百合(L. amoenum)以及部分百合杂交子代等材料,陆续开展了使用氨璜灵作为有丝分裂抑制剂进行的多倍化试验,证实了氨璜灵应用于百合染色体加倍的有效性,并在个别品种上有优于秋水仙素的效
为了促进百合多倍体的早期高效鉴定,张锡庆
随着百合多倍体诱导技术的不断完善,一些育种工作者已经成功培育出多倍体百合新品种。盖美
北京林业大学贾桂梅团队在百合多倍化方面也开展了较为深入的研究。对南川百合、川滇百合(L. primulinum var. orchraceun)和岷江百合等原种进行多倍化,以充分提高百合原种的抗逆性,提升其潜在的育种价
目前,不同多倍体的诱导方式已经在不同的百合中得到了实践,百合的多倍化诱导能产生强生长势的新种质,为杂交育种提供多样性的遗传资源,还具有恢复F1可育性的作用,具有重要的应用价值。
单倍体育种作为杂交育种的补充,能够显著提高植物育种效率。发展单倍体育种能够快速得到纯合基因型百合,显著提高百合育种和基础研究效率。百合单倍体育种主要是以花药(小孢子)和胚珠(大孢子)为单倍体育种材料,最早于20世纪90年代在麝香百合等材料中开始运
在百合中,利用花药进行的单倍体诱导在培养过程中易受花药壁、药隔及其他组织的影响,使再生困难且耗时,而从胚珠再生单倍体则相对容易,不过,仍然需严格把握花药或未受精子房的发育时间,才能尽可能减少非单倍体的产生,最适宜的发育时间在不同百合种中可能存在差
体细胞杂交是产生遗传变异的重要来源,其导致的变异被称为体细胞无性系变异。在细胞质原生质体融合中,原生质体可以完全或部分融合来自不同品种或种或属的体细胞,以此分为对称融合与非对称融
类型 Type | 组织材料 Tissue | 酶组合 Enzyme combination | 渗透压 Osmotic pressure concentration | 酶解时间(h) Enzymatic hydrolysis time | 产量 Yield | 活力(%) Viability | 培养方法 Cultural method | 参考文献 References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
岷江百合 L. regale Wilson. | 组培鳞茎 |
2.0% 纤维素酶 0.1% 果胶酶 0.5% 离析酶 |
山梨醇 140 g/L | 6 |
7.17×1 | 70.6 | 液体浅层培养 |
[ |
龙牙百合 L. longiflorum Thunb. |
40 d 小鳞茎 |
1.0% 纤维素酶 1.0% 果胶酶酶 | - | 3 |
6.60×1 | 88 | - |
[ |
东方百合伯尼尼 L. bernini | 叶片 |
2.0% 纤维素酶 0.1% 果胶酶 0.5% 离析酶 |
甘露醇 0.6 mol/L | 2 |
8.9×1 | 86.9 | - |
[ |
东方百合索邦 L. oriental ‘Sorbonne’ | 胚性愈伤 |
2.0% 纤维素酶 0.5% 离析酶 0.05% 果胶酶 |
甘露醇 0.6 mol/L | 12 |
4.00×1 | 52 | 看护培养 |
[ |
东方百合索邦 L. oriental ‘Sorbonne’ | 幼叶 |
2.0% 纤维素酶 0.5% 离析酶 |
山梨醇 0.4 mol/L | 4 |
1.39×1 | - | - |
[ |
愈伤组织 |
2.0% 纤维素酶 0.5% 离析酶 0.05% 果胶酶 |
1.21×1 | - | 液体浅层培养 | ||||
卷丹百合 L. lancifolium Thunb. |
再生苗 小鳞片 |
1.5% 纤维素酶 1.0% 果胶酶 | - | 2.5 |
5.30×1 | 85 | - |
[ |
龙牙百合 L. brownie var. viridulum Baker | ||||||||
山丹 L. pumilum DC. | 愈伤组织 |
1.5% 纤维素酶 0.5% 果胶酶 |
甘露醇 0.12 g/mL | 6 |
3.46×1 | 39.17 | - |
[ |
莉黛柏蕊百合 L. ledebourii (Baker) Boiss | 幼叶 |
4.0% 纤维素酶 1.0% 果胶酶 |
甘露醇 0.7 mol/L | 24 |
6.65×1 | - | - |
[ |
麝香百合 L. longiflorum Overig | 愈伤组织 |
2.0% 纤维素酶 0.1% 果胶酶 0.5% 离析酶 |
甘露醇 0.5 mol/L | 4 |
7.28 × 1 | - | - |
[ |
东方百合天鹅 Lilium × formolongi cv. Hakucho | 悬浮细胞 |
4.0% 纤维素酶 0.5% 离析酶 0.1% 果胶酶 |
山梨醇 0.9 mol/L | 2 | - | - | 看护培养 |
[ |
日本百合 L. japonicum |
[ |
产量指单位质量植物组织或单位体积缓冲液中百合原生质体的数量,不同实验统计方式不同。活力指分离的百合原生质体中活性细胞占全部细胞的百分比,表示原生质体状态
Yield refers to the quantity of lily protoplasts per unit mass of plant tissue or per unit volume of buffer solution, and different experimental statistical methods may vary. Vitality refers to the percentage of viable cells in the separated lily protoplasts relative to the total number of cells, indicating the state of the protoplasts
目前,百合体细胞杂交主要通过电融合与化学融合两种方式进行。Horita
百合的原生质体分离纯化作为体细胞杂交的前提,已在多个百合品种中建立相应的体系(
生物育种技术方法已被用于改善观赏植物的花色、大小和香味,以及提高抗病性和瓶插寿命。近年来,随着全基因组测序技术的发展,新的植物育种技术不断涌
百合的转基因育种主要运用农杆菌介导法、电激法、基因枪法、花粉介导法。已有部分研究报道获得了转基因百合植株,并产生与所表达基因相符的表型。祁银
基因编辑也是基因工程育种中一个重要的技术,可以加快观赏园艺植物的改
与杂交育种相比,百合中的基因工程育种是最近几年才逐渐开展的工作,多个百合品种中已经建立了遗传转化体
百合育种历史悠久,国内外育种学者已经通过杂交育种获得了丰富的百合新品种,其中LA、OT、LO、OA等已成为经典的百合品系,广泛运用于盆栽花卉和鲜切花的生产,并受到消费者的喜爱。百合作为传统的赏、食、药多功能花卉资源,有极大的开发前景。
从育种技术的发展和应用情况来看,远缘杂交不亲和仍是百合杂交育种的难点。尽管切割花柱授粉、蒙导授粉和胚挽救等技术在一定程度上解决了这个问题,但百合不同品系间亲和性具有较大差异,育种操作技术的实际效率在不同的杂交组合中的表现不稳定。近期,Lan
在远缘杂交中,组间杂交的二倍体F1和三倍体百合通常存在雄性不育,这是由于百合异常减数分裂产生无功能的n配子或近n配子以及少量有功能的2n配子。但不论其雄性不育性如何,均可作为种子亲本与二倍体回交产生有性多倍化的异源三倍体百
近年来,百合的基因工程育种也有了较大的发展。生物信息技术的发展在一定程度上促进了百合基因的研究,越来越多的研究者解析百合的基因功
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