摘要
花香是观赏植物重要的观赏性状,杜鹃花作为世界闻名的木本花卉,以花色丰富、花型多样闻名于世,其花香是评价杜鹃花品质的重要指标之一。研究表明萜烯类化合物、醇类、酯类、酮类化合物等是杜鹃花属植物花香化合物的主要成分,这些化合物的释放受到花发育状态、释放部位以及环境条件的影响。萜烯类化合物是杜鹃花属植物最主要的花香成分,萜类合成酶基因是杜鹃花花香物质代谢途径中的主要调控基因,利用基因组结合代谢组学研究发现马银花TPS家族基因远多于其他无香型杜鹃花属植物。深入研究杜鹃花不同种和品种特征花香成分及其生物合成途径,对杜鹃花的芳香育种和综合利用有重要意义。本文论述了杜鹃花属植物香气成分的测定与分析方法、不同亚属杜鹃花资源的香气成分、香气合成释放规律以及香气物质生物合成途径和关键基因,为开展杜鹃花主要花香物质合成代谢的遗传规律研究和芳香品种选育提供参考。
杜鹃花是杜鹃花科杜鹃花属植物,是中国十大传统名花,极具观赏价值和应用价值,享有“花中西施”的美
植物花香物质是花朵释放的一系列低分子量、易挥发的化合物,已经鉴定出超过20万种特殊的代谢产物,主要包括烷烃类、萜烯类、醇类、醛类、酮类、醚类、酯类和芳香族化合
植物挥发性香气组分提取技术很早就已经出现,早在中世纪,东南亚人就用水蒸气蒸馏法从椰子浆中提取到了较为纯净的椰子
杜鹃花属植物香气的检测目前主要采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,早期采用水蒸气蒸馏法结合气相色谱-质谱联用来分析鉴定杜鹃花挥发性成分。随着顶空固相微萃取的应用,顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱相结合的方法也应用于鹿角杜鹃(Rhododendron latoucheae)和弯蒴杜鹃(Rhododendron henryi)等杜鹃花香气成分的测
观赏植物的香气成分根据化学结构的不同,可以将它们划分为聚酮类、异戊二烯类、生物碱和黄酮类化合物;根据合成方法的不同,可以将它们划分为萜烯类化合物、苯丙酸类/苯环型化合物和脂肪酸衍生

图1 部分中国特有杜鹃花种质资源
Fig. 1 Some Rhododendron germplasm resources endemic to China
A: 羊踯躅;B: 映山红;C: 马银花;D: 马缨杜鹃
A: Rhododendron molle; B: Rhododendron simsii; C: Rhododendron ovatum; D: Rhododendron delavayi
物种名 Species name | 测定方法 Method | 主要挥发性成分 Main volatile components | 参考文献 Reference |
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马银花 R. ovatum | 顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱 | α-蒎烯、罗勒烯、芳樟醇、邻甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯、肉桂酸甲酯、α-金合欢烯、1S-α-蒎烯、 1R-α-蒎烯、6,9-十七碳二烯 |
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刺毛杜鹃 R. championiae | 顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱 | α-蒎烯、 β-蒎烯、α-金合欢烯、1-甲基-5-亚甲基-8(1-甲基乙基)-1,6-环癸二烯-s-(E,E),罗勒烯 |
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鹿角杜鹃 R. latoucheae | 顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱 | 罗勒烯、反式石竹烯、4-乙基苯甲酰胺、芳樟醇、α-荜澄茄油烯、可巴烯、α-石竹烯、苯甲酸甲酯 |
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弯蒴杜鹃 R. henryi | 顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱 | 芳樟醇、罗勒烯、苯甲酸甲酯、苯甲酸乙酯、(Z)-罗勒烯、反式石竹烯 |
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常绿杜鹃亚属植物花形较大,色彩艳丽,花多有香味。田萍
物种名 Species name | 测定方法 Method | 主要挥发性成分 Main volatile components | 参考文献 Reference |
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美容杜鹃R. calophytum | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | 芳樟醇、N-苯基-1-萘胺、亚麻酸甲酯、棕榈酸、1-辛烯-3-醇、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、正二十一烷、1-壬烯-3-醇、α-松油醇 |
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云锦杜鹃R. fortunei | 顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱 | 苯甲酸甲酯、丁香酚、桉油精、γ-依兰油烯、α-依兰油烯、芳樟醇和 α- 松油醇 |
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四川杜鹃R. sutchuenense | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | 石竹烯、愈创醇、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-紫罗兰酮 |
[ |
马缨杜鹃R. delavayi | 二维气相色谱质谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱 | 己醛、柠檬烯、苯乙醛、2-壬烯-1-醇、苯乙醇、香茅醛、异戊二醇、3,5-二甲氧基甲苯、吡啶 |
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迷人杜鹃R. agastum | 二维气相色谱质谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱 | 己醛、柠檬烯、苯乙醛、2-壬烯-1-醇、苯乙醇、香茅醛、异戊二醇、3,5-二甲氧基甲苯、吡啶 |
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桃叶杜鹃R. annae | 二维气相色谱质谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱 | 己醛、柠檬烯、苯乙醛、2-壬烯-1-醇、苯乙醇、香茅醛、异戊二醇、3,5-二甲氧基甲苯、吡啶 |
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露珠杜鹃R. irroratum | 二维气相色谱质谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱 | 己醛、柠檬烯、苯乙醛、2-壬烯-1-醇、苯乙醇、香茅醛、异戊二醇、3,5-二甲氧基甲苯、吡啶 |
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杜鹃亚属植物樱草杜鹃(Rhododendron primuliflorum)香气成分主要有β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯、双戊烯、β-石竹烯、月桂
物种名 Species name | 测定方法 Method | 主要挥发性成分 Main volatile components | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
鳞腺杜鹃 R. lepidotum | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | α-蒎烯、柠檬烯、β-月桂烯 |
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紫丁杜鹃 R. violaceum | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | 檀香醇、醋酸冰片酯、β-石竹烯、β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯、莰烯 |
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毛蕊杜鹃 R. websterianum | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | 檀香醇、醋酸冰片酯、β-石竹烯、β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯、莰烯 |
[ |
草原杜鹃 R. telmateium | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | 檀香醇、醋酸冰片酯、β-石竹烯、β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯、莰烯 |
[ |
雪层杜鹃 R. nivale | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | 檀香醇、醋酸冰片酯、β-石竹烯、β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯、莰烯 |
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淡黄杜鹃 R. flavidum | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯、乙酸冰片酯、柠檬烯、β-榄香烯、香桧烯、香茅醇和月桂烯 |
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髯花杜鹃 R. anthopogon | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | N-乙酰-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉、2-乙氧丙烷、二苯胺、N-乙基-1,2,3,4-四氢萘胺、二十五烷、二十三烷 |
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青海杜鹃 R. qinghaiense | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | 泪柏醚、贝壳松-15-烯、贝壳松-16-烯、香树烯、脱氢-香树烯 |
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太白杜鹃 R. purdomii | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯、3-辛酮、α-石竹烯、4-杜松二烯 |
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超临界流体萃取法-气相色谱质谱 | 石竹烯、α-石竹烯、16-贝壳杉醇、β-法昵烯 | ||
秀雅杜鹃 R. concinnum | 水蒸气蒸馏法-气相色谱质谱 | 绿花白千层醇、α-杜松醇、苯甲醇、香芹醇 |
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超临界流体萃取法-气相色谱质谱 | 脱羟基异白菖二醇、9-大根香叶三烯-6-酮、木栓酮、乙酸-20(29)-羽扇烯-3-醇酯 |
西洋杜鹃(Rhododendron hybridum)多为映山红亚属植物的杂交后代,大多数品种无香味,其挥发性成分主要有2,2,3,4-四甲基-戊烷、已烯醛、已醛
以上研究表明杜鹃花属中,马银花亚属、常绿杜鹃亚属、杜鹃亚属植物的香气较浓,其花香成分多以萜烯类化合物为主;而映山红亚属植物多无香气,其花朵中也未检测到萜烯类物质。杜鹃花香物质除了自身所具有的生态、防御和观赏价值外,还具有广泛的药用价值。萜烯类化合物具有一定的生理活性,可祛痰、止咳、袪风、发汗、驱虫、镇痛
植物香气物质的释放与花的发育阶段密切相
植物的花香主要来自花瓣,雄蕊、雌蕊、花萼等也能散发出少量的香气,一些植物有特异的香腺可以产生香
植物香气物质的释放除了受生长发育阶段、香气释放部位影响以外,也受环境因子的调控。温度和光照是影响植物挥发性成分的主要因素。研究发现大叶蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis violacea)在光照充足的上午香味最浓,下午香味变
花香的合成途径主要有萜烯类化合物合成途径、苯环型/苯丙烷类化合物合成途径和脂肪酸类生物合成途径,大多数花香化合物的合成受到多个基因和酶调
苯环型/苯丙烷类是植物花香成分的第二大类物质。这类化合物主要以莽草酸为前体,经过苯丙氨酸裂解酶作用形成反式肉桂酸,再经过甲基转移酶和酰基转移酶进行甲基化或酰基化,最终形成多种醛类和醇
马银花亚属植物花香成分以萜烯类化合物为主,其次是苯环型/苯丙烷类化合物,脂肪酸衍生物含量最少。萜烯类化合物是大多数杜鹃花属植物香气的主要成分,萜烯类化合物合成途径是杜鹃花属植物主要的花香合成途径,解析萜烯类化合物在杜鹃花属植物中的合成代谢及分子调控机制,将为杜鹃花芳香育种提供理论和技术保障。
花香作为观赏植物最重要的观赏性状之一,越来越受育种工作者重视,相较于花色、花型等观赏性状,花香的基因工程研究起步较晚。由于花香物质种类多,代谢途径复杂,关键基因在不同植物中的表达差异较大,植物花香的系统性研究还相对滞后。杜鹃花属是杜鹃花科中最大的属,其嫩枝、叶具有香气,可提取挥发油,挥发油中多种单萜及倍半萜成分有较强的生理活性,对慢性支气管炎、哮喘等疾病有显著的治疗效果,从中筛选和发现新的药理活性物质,不仅在学术上,也在医药领域有较好的前景。杜鹃花属植物香气成分的提取和利用,已经广泛应用于食品、医药、日化、香料等领域,但目前可用于挥发油和香气提取的杜鹃花资源不多,应深入分析更多的杜鹃花资源,尽可能地挖掘杜鹃花的药用价值和经济价值。杜鹃花属植物香气成分复杂,目前杜鹃花属植物香气物质的研究主要集中在花、叶、嫩枝等器官精油提取及香气成分分析,香气相关物质的完整合成途径和转录调控还不清楚。随着人们对杜鹃花香气的药用价值和观赏价值的重视,已经逐步开展对杜鹃花萜烯类化合物的合成途径相关基因研究。多个杜鹃花种质的叶片再生体系已经成功建
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