摘要
Whirly是一类能与单链 DNA 分子结合的植物特异转录因子,在细胞核以及细胞器内都起着广泛且复杂的作用。为探究茄子Whirly基因的功能和进化关系,本研究开展了基因家族成员生物信息学鉴定,包括系统进化关系、基因结构、保守基序及启动子中的顺式作用元件,分析了其在不同组织、外源激素处理和逆境胁迫下表达模式。结果表明,茄子Whirly基因家族包含两个家族成员,分别命名为SmWHY1和SmWHY2,它们与番茄中Whirly基因亲缘关系最近。SmWHY1和SmWHY2在不同组织中均能表达,在叶片中SmWHY1的表达水平高于SmWHY2,在其他组织中SmWHY2的表达水平高于SmWHY1。两个基因的表达均受到脱落酸、茉莉酸甲酯、水杨酸、低温胁迫和病原菌诱导,但不同处理或基因型响应程度存在差异,在抗绵疫病种质G114中能够保持较高的表达水平。以上结果表明SmWHY1和SmWHY2可能在调控茄子生长发育和逆境响应中具有重要作用。
关键词
Whirly基因家族广泛存在于植物界,其编码产物主要定位在叶绿体和线粒体中,是高度保守的单链DNA结合(SSB,single-strand DNA binding)蛋白。Whirly蛋白具有Whirly结构域、N末端结构域和C末端多变区。Whirly结构域包含的一段细胞核定位信号(NLS)是最重要的结构域,在不同物种中高度保守,能与单链 DNA结合;N端结构域一般包含叶绿体或线粒体定位信号肽和转录激活结构域;C末端多变区具有自我调节区,主要参与调节Whirly蛋白与单链DNA结合活
Whirly基因已在众多植物中陆续报道,包括拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.
茄子(Solanum melongena L.)是一种重要的蔬菜作物,在世界范围内广泛栽培。茄子生长期长,易受各种生物和非生物胁迫,影响产量和品
本研究所用材料包括三月茄、G42、G114和EP28。三月茄为四川省地方品种,引进后自交6代,用于开展不同组织、低温处理和激素处理的基因表达研究。G42和G114为抗果实绵疫病种质,分别引自USDA(United States Department of Agriculture)和CGN(Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands),引进后自交6代。 EP28为感果实绵疫病紫长茄稳定自交系(F10)。所有植物材料于2022年秋季种植于江苏省农业科学院试验基地,按常规管理。
从拟南芥基因组数据库(https://www.arabidopsis.org/)中下载拟南芥Whirly基因的序列AtWHY1(AT1G14410)、AtWHY2(AT1G71260)和AtWHY3(AT2G02740),在茄子基因组数据库(http://eggplant-hq.cn/Egg-plant/home/index)中进行序列比对,获得茄子Whirly基因家族成员。Whirly蛋白的相对分子量和等电点使用Protparam程序(https://web.expasy.org/protparam/)进行分析。利用GSDS 2.0程序(http://gsds.gao-lab.org/)分析基因结构,绘制出外显子-内含子结构图。利用MEME Suite 5.5.0(https://meme-suite.org/meme/)鉴定茄子和拟南芥Whirly基因家族的保守基序,根据E-value值筛选可信度大的基序。在Plantcare程序上(http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/)分析基因的启动子序列(ATG上游1500bp)的顺式作用元件,利用TBtools软件将结果可视化。
在Sol Genomics Network(https://solgenomics.net/)中下载番茄、辣椒、马铃薯和烟草的Whirly家族基因序列。在EnsemblPlants(http://plants.ensembl.org/index.Html)中下载大豆和黄瓜的Whirly家族基因序列,使用MEGA 7.0软件构建茄子、番茄、辣椒、马铃薯、烟草、拟南芥、大豆和黄瓜的 Whirly 蛋白序列进化树,校验参数Bootstrap值设置为1000次重复。
三月茄于4片真叶期选取生长一致的植株进行根、茎和叶取样,开花结果期选取开花当天的花瓣、花药、花萼、子房、柱头和花后15 d果实取样。激素处理时,取长势一致的三月茄植株叶片分别浸入400 μmol/L脱落酸溶液、100 μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯溶液和2 mmol/L水杨酸溶液中,叶背面朝下,置于28℃人工培养箱中,16 h光照/8 h黑暗,设置0 h、3 h、6 h、12 h和24 h共5个取样时间点。低温处理时,4片真叶期时,取长势一致的三月茄植株分别置于4℃和28℃人工培养箱中,16 h光照/8h黑暗,相对湿度为60%。设置0 h、3 h、6 h、12 h和24 h共5个取样时间点。采样均为3次生物学重复,每次重复5株混合取样,样品保存于-80℃冰箱中。
基因在不同组织及响应激素和低温的表达模式采用qRT-PCR分析。总RNA提取采用总RNA提取试剂盒(天根生化科技(北京)有限公司,北京),cDNA第1链合成采用cDNA单链合成试剂盒(北京全式金生物技术有限公司,北京),按照说明书进行操作。SmWHY1的引物为AGGCTGCCC-ACATTTAGTA和CCCAGTCATATTTGCGATC;SmWHY2的引物为TCGCCAGAGTTCTCACCTTT和ACAGACAGCGAGAAGACCTG,内参基因选用β-actin。利用AceQ qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix试剂盒(诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司,南京)和实时荧光定量PCR仪(罗氏,瑞士)进行qRT-PCR分析。配制20 μL反应体系,其中,2×AceQ qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix 10 μL,cDNA 0.8 μL,上下游引物各0.4 μL (10 μmol/L),ddH2O 8.4 μL。反应程序,95℃预变性5 min; 95℃变性10 s, 57℃退火30 s, 72℃延伸30 s, 40个循环;熔解曲线温度设置60℃~95℃,每个反应进行3次重复。利用
利用拟南芥Whirly基因在茄子基因组HQ-1315(http://eggplant-hq.cn/Eggplant/home/index)中进行比对,共发现两个茄子Whirly基因:Smechr1001570和Smechr1200905,分别命名为SmWHY1和SmWHY2(

图1 茄子Whirly家族基因结构和蛋白基序
Fig.1 The gene structure and protein motif of the Whirly family
A:茄子Whirly基因结构;B:茄子和拟南芥Whirly蛋白保守基序
A: Structures of Whirly gens in eggplant; B: Conservative motifs of Whirly gene family in eggplant and Arabidopsis
利用MEME suite软件进行茄子和拟南芥Whirly基因家族的蛋白保守基序分析,结果表明不同Whirly基因的基序存在差异(
为探明茄子Whirly基因的进化,构建了茄子、番茄、辣椒、马铃薯、烟草、拟南芥、大豆和黄瓜的 Whirly 基因进化树(

图2 8个物种24个Whirly基因的系统进化树
Fig.2 Phylogenetic tree of twenty-four Whirly genes in eight plant species
茄子Whirly基因家族启动子序列顺式作用元件分析结果见
基因 Gene | 元件名称 Element name | 功能 Function |
---|---|---|
SmWHY1 |
TATA-box CAAT-box TCA-element MBS GATA-motif MRE CGTCA-motif TGACG-motif CAT-box |
转录起始点上游约-30bp处核心启动子元件 启动子和增强子区域中的共同顺式作用元件 参与响应水杨酸的顺式作用元件 参与干旱诱导的MYB结合位点 光响应元件的一部分 参与光响应的MYB结合位点 参与茉莉酸甲酯响应的顺式调控的顺式调控元件 参与茉莉酸甲酯响应的元件 分生组织表达相关的顺式调控元件 |
SmWHY2 |
TATA-box CAAT-box MBS ARE GARE-motif TATC-box AuxRR-core |
转录起始点上游约-30bp处的核心启动子元件 启动子和增强子区域中的共同顺式作用元件 参与干旱诱导的MYB结合位点 厌氧诱导所必需的顺式作用调节元件 赤霉素响应元件 参与赤霉素响应的顺式调控元件 参与生长素响应的顺式调控元件 |
对茄子SmWHY1和SmWHY2在不同组织中的表达水平进行了比较分析,结果见

图3 茄子Whirly基因在不同组织中的相对表达水平
Fig.3 Relative expression levels of eggplant Whirly genes in different tissues
不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著,下同
Different lowercase letters represent significant differences at 0.05 level, the same as below
不同激素处理后,SmWHY1和SmWHY2在0~24 h内的表达水平均表现为降低-升高-降低趋势,具体表达水平变化因激素和基因而异(

图4 茄子Whirly基因在激素处理下的相对表达水平
Fig.4 Relative expression levels of eggplant Whirly genes treated with different hormones
低温处理下,SmWHY1和SmWHY2的表达水平在0~24 h内表现为升高-降低-升高的趋势(

图5 茄子Whirly基因在低温处理下的相对表达水平
Fig.5 Relative expression levels of eggplant Whirly genes under low temperature
接种后1 d,3份材料均无明显症状。接种后3 d,抗病材料G42和G114无明显症状,感病材料EP28接种点开始褐变。接种后5 d,抗病材料G42和G114无明显症状,感病材料EP28接种点开始腐烂。基因表达分析发现,SmWHY1和SmWHY2的表达水平均表现为下降,但响应程度有差异(

图6 茄子Whirly基因在接种P. capsici后的相对表达水平
Fig.6 Relative expression levels of eggplant Whirly genes after inoculation withP. Capsici
Whirly作为植物特有的转录因子,在植物生长发育和胁迫响应中具有重要作
Whirly基因在调控植物非生物胁迫抗性中具有重要作用。研究发现,在盐、干旱和低温胁迫下,番茄Whirly基因的表达水平表现为上调,过表达SlWHY1能减轻低温引起的植株萎蔫症
Whirly基因在调控植物病害抗性中具有重要作用。研究发现,番茄SlWHY2的表达受到青枯假单胞菌侵染的诱导,过表达SlWHY2能提高烟草对病原菌的抗
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