摘要
水芹[Oenanthe javanica(Bl.)DC.]是伞形科水芹属多年生水生蔬菜植物,其营养成分丰富、富含多种功能性生物活性成分,也是一种具有保健功能的药食同源蔬菜。我国水芹种质资源丰富,其利用涉及食用、药用、污水净化、提取加工等方面,但育种及其分子机理方面的研究较少。本文综述了近20年来水芹种质资源、营养品质、生理生化、育种、基因及组学研究的进展,具体内容包括:(1)伞形科植物及水芹种质资源研究;(2)水芹营养品质及生长调控研究;(3)水芹生理生化及次生代谢物质研究;(4)水芹功能基因及组学(包括基因组学、转录组学、代谢组学及蛋白质组学)研究,旨在为我国水芹资源创新和保护、遗传育种、基因挖掘、加工、栽培及环境治理等方面的进一步研究利用提供理论依据。
水芹[Oenanthe javanica(Bl.)DC.](2n=42)是伞形科水芹属多年水生宿根草本植

图1 水芹器官及其种质资源
Fig. 1 Organs and germplasm resources of O. javanica
A:地上茎叶;B:地下茎;C:花;D:种子;E:河南信阳;F:湖南;G:江苏溧阳;H:辽宁;I:陕西杨凌;J:陕西宝鸡;K:中华水芹;L:西南水芹;M:贵州安顺;N:贵州独山;O:贵州榕江;P:贵州威宁;Q~T:野生材料
A: Aerial stem and leaf; B: Subterraneous stem; C: Flower; D: Seeds; E: Henan Xinyang; F: Hunan; G: Jiangsu Liyang; H: Liaoning; I: Shaanxi Yangling;J: Shaanxi Baoji; K: O. sinensis Dunn; L: O. dielsii de Boiss. var. dielsii; M: Guizhou Anshun; N: Guizhou Dushan; O: Guizhou Rongjiang; P: Guizhou Weining; Q-T: Wild materials
伞形科是一类大型被子植物家族,是开花植物的主要类群之一,包括许多药用、食用和香料物种,在世界各地的日常生活中发挥着重要作
伞形科植物中,芹亚科(Apioideae)包括了多种重要蔬菜,如胡萝卜(Daucus carota var. sativa
我国水芹种质资源丰富,但对其种质资源、育种及分子方面的研究相对缺
傅
水芹种子因存在休眠现象,其发芽率极低,但扦插、分蘖等无性繁殖能力
雄性不育材料的发现是解决小花作物杂交创制新材料的有利手段,在芹
大量研究表明,水芹具有较高的营养价值和食用价值。秦玉
对野生水芹进行人工驯化和规模化栽培是满足市场需求的有效途径,对解决冬春季蔬菜市场供应缺口有一定的补充作
伞形科植物大都具有稳定的非酶类清除自由基物质及抗氧化的作用。水芹总黄酮物质对羟自由基具有清除能
水芹的药食同源性与其次生代谢物质成分密不可分,而这些物质对调节人体健康具有一定的效果(
年份 Year | 物质种类 Substance types | 新物质成分 New material composition | 功效 Function | 参考文献 References |
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1995 | 糖苷 | 2,3-亚甲基二氧基-5-烯基苯基β-D-葡萄糖苷、丁香基β-D-葡萄糖苷、松脂醇β-D-葡萄糖苷 |
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2005 | 芳香活性化合物 | α-异松油烯(最强烈)、对异丙基甲苯、异松油烯、α-萜品烯、石竹烯、α-金合欢烯、乙醛、乙烯醇、苯乙醛、2-壬烯醛、乙酸龙脑酯、γ-萜品烯 | 香气特性与不同物质及其浓度有关,如柠檬味、木质味、蜂蜜味,或呈绿色、煤油状等 |
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2008 | 化学成分 | 异鼠李素、尿嘧啶、腺苷、桃苷、尿苷 |
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2009 | 挥发油化学成分 | 苯氧乙酸烯丙酯(主要成分),萜类化合物:桉叶、11-二烯、2,3-二氢-3-甲基-3-苯并呋喃甲醇、柠檬烯 | 精油 |
[ |
2011 | 精油香气成分 |
倍半萜类化合物:α-古巴烯、Z-石竹烯,香松烯型二萜 化合物:香松素、香松醇 | 精油 |
[ |
2012 | 化学成分 |
异欧前胡素、β-谷甾醇、二氢欧山芹素、欧前胡素、 6,7-二羟基香豆素、芹菜素、5-反式香豆酰基奎宁酸、 阿魏酸-对羟基苯乙醇酯、8-甲氧基-5-羟基补骨脂素、 半月苔素、东莨菪素、异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷 | 12个不同物质成分呈现出不同的晶体结构,如针晶和粉末 |
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2019 | 挥发性物质 | 23种烯类物质、1种萘、3种烷烃类物质、1种苯类物质和1种酸,包括特征风味物质石竹烯、γ-松油烯 | 不同部位的物质对风味的贡献不同 |
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2019 | 挥发油化学成分 | 63个化合物,共有8种成分:乙酸正丙酯、大根香叶烯D、柠檬烯、香橙烯、α-芹子烯、广藿香烷、6,10-二甲基-2-十一烷酮、叶绿醇 | 柠檬烯和大根香叶烯D具有较强的药用价值 |
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2021 | 黄酮木脂素衍生物 | 3个新Oenanthenoid A、Oenanthenoid B、Oenanthenoid C | 抗炎 |
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2023 | 挥发性萜类 | 8种倍半萜类和9种单萜类物质:α-松萜、桧烯、β-松萜、β-香叶烯、伞花烃、二戊烯、罗勒烯、γ-萜品烯、萜品油烯、α-古巴烯、β-石竹烯、α-蛇麻烯、大根香叶烯D、(Z,E)-α-金合欢烯、α-金合欢烯、δ-杜松萜烯、芹菜脑 | β-石竹烯的生物合成受OjTPS1基因调控 |
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伞形科植物基因方面的研究起步较晚,研究多集中在花青素、木质素、萜类生物合成调控的相关基因。近些年,水芹逐渐开展了基因/转录因子的功能研究。
目前,水芹中有9个基因被克隆研
名称 Name | 基因/转录因子 Genes/transcription factors | 蛋白特征 Protein characterization | 表达特征 Expression features | 参考文献 References |
---|---|---|---|---|
OjTPS1 | 开放阅读框1692 bp,氨基酸长度563 aa,相对分子量33805.95,等电点5.86 |
萜类β-石竹烯合成酶,属于TPS-a亚家族, 含有多个TPS家族的典型基序 | 定位于细胞质,花中表达量最高,过表达促进β-石竹烯大量合成 |
[ |
Lhcb1 | 开放阅读框795 bp,氨基酸长度264 aa,相对分子量28217.90,等电点5.14 |
编码光收集叶绿素-蛋白质复合体II,同源 三聚体,每个单体含5个螺旋片段,其中3个可能是跨膜螺旋,有15个叶绿素结合位点 | 冷、热、盐和干旱胁迫下表达上调 |
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OjHSP90 | 开放阅读框2100 bp,氨基酸长度699 aa,相对分子量约80300,等电点5.01 |
热激蛋白及亲水蛋白,含α-螺旋和β-折叠, 保守结构域YSNKEIFLRE | 在高温胁迫中起重要作用 |
[ |
OjMYB1 | 开放阅读框912 bp,氨基酸长度303 aa, 相对分子量10648.33, 等电点5.66 | 花青素生物合成相关转录因子,核蛋白,R2R3-MYB转录因子,含有bHLH-相互作用基序和ANDV基序 | 与AtTT8和AtEGL3蛋白相互作用,其过表达使糖基转移酶活性增加 |
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OjF3'H1 | 开放阅读框1575 bp,氨基酸长度524 aa,相对分子量58292.59,等电点6.77 |
类黄酮3'-羟化酶,属于细胞色素P450家族(CYP450, cytochromeP450),疏水蛋白, 高度保守,含α-螺旋和β-折叠 | 在花青素合成中发挥重要作用,品种表达具有差异性,紫色品种表达更高 |
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OjCAD | 开放阅读框1074 bp,氨基酸长度357 aa,相对分子量39143.10,等电点6.91 |
肉桂醇脱氢酶,属MDR家族,高度保守, 编码疏水蛋白,7个α-螺旋和17个β-折叠 | 与木质素生物合成有关,具有品种和组织特异性,叶中高表达 |
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OjCCOAOMT | 开放阅读框726 bp,氨基酸长度241 aa,相对分子量27111,等电点5.38 | 芹咖啡酰辅酶A-O-甲基转移酶,疏水蛋白,较高的保守性,8个α-螺旋和7个β-折叠 | 与木质素代谢有关,具有品种、组织特异性,在4℃条件下表达量最高 |
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OJPR | 开放阅读框465 bp,氨基酸长度154 aa,相对分子量16283.32,等电点4.75 | 致病相关蛋白,具有1个甘氨酸丰富的PR-10特征环 | 可转导TLR4介导的信号转导调节宿主防御反应 |
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OjHMGS | 开放阅读框1401 bp,氨基酸长度466 aa,相对分子量51176.30,等电点5.91 | 3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A合酶,属于HMGCoA家族 | 与萜类合成相关,在花中表达量最高,定位在细胞质 |
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基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学等组学分析,能够对物种生物信息进行全面的了
水芹基因组于2021年发表,组装后的基因组大小为1.28 Gb,包含42270个基因,其中93.92%基因功能被注释,25个基因家族发生扩增现象,一些基因与表型和分化有关;在水分胁迫下,Oja15472和Oja47040表达量显著升
Zhang
Jiang
孙林鹤
刘青川
我国水芹种质资源丰富,品种功能用途多样(如食用、药用、提取加工、调味等),但可利用的品种较少。水芹雄性不育材料(OJBY001),其花具有典型的雄性不育特征,且雄性不育性状稳定遗传,隶属于水芹种。雄性不育的利用将加快我国本土水芹品种的选育,不仅能够选育出不同功能的雄性不育后代材料,如地上茎实心栽培雄性不育材料、抗炎药用类雄性不育材料、调味加工类雄性不育材料、环境治理类雄性不育材料等,还将丰富、完善水芹及伞形科作物育种方面的相关研究。
Jiang
目前,在江苏、贵州等部分地区,水芹已开始规模种植(

图2 水芹产业化种植与采集
Fig.2 Industrial planting and collecting of O. javanica
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