摘要
灰斑病是大豆尾孢菌(Cercospora sojina K. Hara)导致的世界性大豆真菌病害,在大豆主要生产区的流行有增长趋势,给生产带来重大损失。大豆尾孢菌变异迅速,已演化出多个具有致病性差异的生理小种,导致现有品种抗性不能满足生产需求。随着分子生物技术的发展,为了获得具有广谱抗性的种质,近年来研究方向从传统的抗病育种转移到对大豆尾孢菌致病机制解析及大豆抗灰斑病基因精细定位上。本文对大豆尾孢菌生理小种的鉴定及其致病性、抗病遗传、抗病育种等方面的国内外研究进展进行了系统综述,并对未来大豆灰斑病的表型精准鉴定、致病机制解析、抗病基因精细定位和抗病育种进行了探讨,为大豆抗灰斑病的进一步研究提供参考。
大豆灰斑病又称褐斑病或蛙眼病,是一种真菌性病害,病原菌为尾孢菌属大豆尾孢菌(Cercospora sojina K. Hara),主要侵染大豆叶、茎、荚和籽粒(

图1 灰斑病侵染叶片(A)、茎(B)、豆荚(C)、籽粒(D)的症
Fig.1 Symptoms of frogeye leaf spot on leaves(A),stems(B), pods(C), seeds(D)
随着分子生物技术的发展,目前国内外大豆灰斑病研究方向正从传统抗病育种转移到大豆尾孢菌致病机制解析及大豆抗灰斑病基因定位上。本文综述了大豆尾孢菌生理小种的鉴定及其致病性、抗病遗传、抗病育种等方面的国内外研究进展,并对未来大豆灰斑病的表型精准鉴定、致病机制解析及抗病基因精细定位和抗病育种进行了探讨,为大豆抗灰斑病进一步研究提供参考,以期通过分子设计育种将抗病基因聚合,获得具有广谱抗性的优异种质。
大豆尾孢菌可以在大豆全生育期内造成侵染,以成株期最为严重,主要侵染大豆的叶、茎、荚和籽粒。灰斑病的发展由植株下部叶片开始,环境适宜时,逐渐向植株上部发展。随着病情发展,成株叶片上病斑由圆形变为不规则形状,中心由灰色变为棕色,边缘呈红紫色,形似“蛙眼”;空气相对湿度较高时,叶片下表面的病斑中心往往会出现灰色霉层(
灰斑病是一种多循环病害,病原菌侵染、病情发展和分生孢子产生在整个生长阶段可以重复发生(

图2 大豆灰斑病的病害循
Fig.2 Disease cycle of frogeye leaf spot in soybeans
弭忠祥
大豆尾孢菌进化迅速,已经演化形成了多个致病性不同的生理小种。美国学者采用16个大豆鉴别品种鉴定出12个生理小种,巴西学者采用10个大豆鉴别品种鉴定出22个生理小
序号No. | 鉴别品种 Differential cultivars | 生理小种 Physiological races | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |||
1 | 九农一号 | R | R | R | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | |
2 | 双跃四号 | R | S | S | R | S | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | R | R | R | |
3 | 合交69-231 | R | S | S | S | S | R | S | S | R | R | R | R | S | R | R | R | |
4 | Ogden | S | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | R | R | S | |
5 | 钢5151 | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | S | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | S | |
6 | 合丰22号 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R | S | R | S | S | S | R | R |
R:抗病;S:感病
R:Resistance;S:Susceptibility
李海英
大豆尾孢菌丰富的遗传多样性可能来源于其有性生殖,但目前在田间或实验室条件下均未观察到其有性阶
陈绍江
大豆尾孢菌如何在快速进化中保持毒性及其侵染机制尚未得到广泛研究。Luo
我国学者调查认为,目前15号小种已取代1号小种成为黑龙江省部分地区大豆灰斑病的优势小种,这导致许多品种失去了对灰斑病的抗
植物抗病基因在基因组内通常为成簇的串联重复排列,大约73%的拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)抗病基因和76%的水稻(Oryza sativa)抗病基因的分布属于这种模
刘忠
我国学者对大豆生产区的优势小种抗病基因进行定位,鉴定出Hrcs1、Hrcs7、Hrcs15分别控制对1号、7号、15号生理小种的抗性,其中Hrcs1、Hrcs7间可能存在互
生理小种 Physiological races | 候选基因 Candidate genes | 注释 Annotation | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Race 1 | Glyma.05g121100 | RNA结合 (RRM/RBD/RNP基序) 蛋白 |
[ |
Glyma.17g228300 | α/β-水解酶(ABH)超家族蛋白 | ||
Glyma.19g006900 | NAD(P)结合Rossmann-fold蛋白 | ||
Glyma.19g008700 | 锌结合脱氢酶蛋白 | ||
Race 7 | Glyma.16g176800 | 富亮氨酸重复类受体激酶(LRR-RLK) |
[ |
Glyma.16g177300 | 五肽重复蛋白(PPR) | ||
Glyma.16g177400 | 五肽重复蛋白(PPR) | ||
Glyma.16g182300 | 剪切多聚腺苷酸化特异性因子蛋白(CPSF) | ||
Race 15 | Glyma.05g28980 | 丝裂原蛋白活化激酶(MPK7) |
[ |
Glyma.20g31510 | 钙依赖性蛋白激酶(CDPK4) | ||
Glyma.20g31520 | 钙依赖性蛋白激酶(CDPK4) | ||
Glyma.20g31630 | 丙酮酸脱氢酶(PDH) |
近年来随着基因定位技术及分子标记技术的快速发展,RAPD、SSR、SNP等分子标记提高了对大豆抗灰斑病基因的研究效率。
抗病基因/生理小种 Resistant genes/Physiological races | 染色体 Chromosome | 标记类型 Maker type | 分子标记 Molecular makers | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rcs2 | 11(336 kb) | KASP | GSM783 |
[ |
Rcs3 | 16 | SSR | Satt547、Satt244 |
[ |
InDel、SNP |
AZ573AG393、AZ573TA150、 AQ455GA396、AQ166AG280 |
[ | ||
16(1.15 Mb) | KASP | GSM883 |
[ | |
Rcs(PI 594774) | 13(540 kb) | SSR | Satt114 |
[ |
Rcs(PI 594891) | 13(72.6 kb) | |||
Race 1 | 4 | SSR | Satt565、SOYGRATR、Satt396 |
[ |
4、6、11、13、19 | SSR | AW277661、Satt363、Satt430、Satt656、Satt652 |
[ | |
3、8、11、12、16、18 | SSR |
Satt387、Satt233、Satt332、Satt142、 Satt309、Satt244、Satt431 |
[ | |
Race 7 | RAPD | OPS03580 、OPS03620 |
[ | |
SCAR | SCS3580 、SCS3620 |
[ | ||
RAPD | OPC08831 |
[ | ||
3、5、6、9、10、 11、12、15、16、17 | SSR |
Satt549、Sat_280、Satt200、Satt454、Satt422、 Satt260、Satt478、Satt509、Sat_214、Satt302、 Satt384、Satt411、Sat_366、Satt372 |
[ | |
15 | SSR | Satt384、Satt411 |
[ | |
Race 10 |
2、3、5、6、8、9、 10、11、16、17、20 | SSR |
Satt703、Satt549、Satt200、Satt422、BE820148、 Satt260、Satt478、Satt197、Sat_366、Satt372、Satt587 |
[ |
Race 12 | 1、5、6、10、12、13、16 | SSR |
Sat_346、Sat_368、Satt557、Satt243、 Satt052、Satt335、Sat_151 |
[ |
Race 15 | 16 | SSR | Sat_151、Satt529、Satt547、Sat_224、Satt431 |
[ |
括号内数据表示该基因的定位区间大小
The data in parentheses represents the size of the localization interval of the gene
我国学者主要针对大豆生产区的灰斑病优势生理小种展开研究,但目前尚无定论将对单一生理小种的抗性基因定位于某一染色体基因区段,仅开发了潜在抗病基因连锁标记作为抗性参考(

图3 我国灰斑病抗性分子标记的遗传图谱
Fig.3 Genetic map of molecular markers for resistance to frogeye leaf spot in China
病程相关蛋白(PRP, pathogenesis-related proteins)是植物在逆境和胁迫下产生的,可以通过增厚细胞壁、抗菌活性、信号转导等多种机制参与抗
我国大豆灰斑病抗性资源丰富,但大豆尾孢菌生理小种变异迅速,当前主栽品种的抗性难以长期保持,需要不断培育新抗性品
美国早在20世纪50年代就开始了灰斑病的抗病育种工作,先后鉴定出抗性基因Rcs1、Rcs2、Rcs3,开发选育出一系列表现优异的抗性品种,如Davis、Kent、Clark
转基因是作物育种的重要技术手段,已在大豆抗灰斑病育种方面有所应用。张
我国大豆抗灰斑病研究及抗性育种取得的重要进展集中于20世纪80至90年代,现阶段灰斑病相关研究的主要问题有三点:一是病害表型鉴定没有统一标准,部分病害如细菌性叶斑病等,在大豆叶片上的症状与灰斑病表现相似,难以区分;二是大豆尾孢菌生理小种的鉴别体系较为繁琐,效率低且鉴别结果可能存在偏差;三是在实际生产中,同一区域内灰斑病可能由多个生理小种共同流行导致,因此针对单一生理小种研究寄主抗性不具有普适性。
国内外均有学者在灰斑病表型划分以及病情分级的算法模型构建方面取得了一定进展。与传统肉眼评估灰斑病严重程度相比,图像分析提供了更高的分辨率,可以提高评估精确度和效率。McDonald
对于生理小种的划分,目前传统上都是通过鉴别寄主的抗感反应来鉴定,效率较低且鉴定结果可能存在偏差。张俊华
尾孢菌属病原菌导致的灰斑病不仅侵染大豆,在玉米上也有相应症状。玉米灰斑病是由玉蜀黍尾孢菌Cercospora zeae-maydis和玉米尾孢菌Cercospora zeina导致的世界性玉米叶部病害。Zhong
另外,我国大豆灰斑病的抗性资源丰富,随着Williams 8
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