摘要
籽粒相关性状包含粒长、粒宽和百粒重,是决定玉米产量的重要因素。本研究以玉米自交系B73与CML277构建的重组自交系群体为试验材料,应用基于测序的基因分型技术构建高精度遗传图谱,利用完备区间作图法鉴定到9个QTL,其中第2染色体上的qKW2.04位点分别解释粒宽和百粒重表型变异的20.34%和15.84%。在此基础上,利用轮回亲本B73及其近等基因导入系材料NIL-1041A构建F2分离群体,将qKW2.04位点进一步分解为2个紧密连锁的粒宽QTL,qKW2.04-1和qKW2.04-2,分别位于标记区间InDel23.32~umc1555和InDel47.09~InDel57.06,表型贡献率分别为22.45%和12.22%,增效等位变异均来自CML277。其中,通过筛选目标区段重组单株将qKW2.04-1精细定位在分子标记InDel26.76和InDel27.86间1.1 Mb区间之内。本研究为阐明玉米籽粒相关性状遗传基础提供了新的线索,为玉米高产分子设计育种提供了基因资源。
玉米(Zea mays L.)是重要粮经饲兼用作物,在保障粮食安全、改善人民生活水平等方面起着至关重要的作
随着玉米基因组测序的完成和高通量分子标记技术的应
玉米自然群体中籽粒大小具有丰富的遗传变异,其优良基因/等位基因有待深入挖掘和利用。本研究以玉米自交系B73和CML277为亲本构建的重组自交系(RIL,recombinant inbred line)群体为试验材料,借助高密度遗传图谱开展籽粒大小相关性状QTL遗传定位,并以定位到的粒宽和百粒重主效位点qKW2.04为目标,利用B73及其近等基因导入系材料NIL-1041A为亲本构建F2分离群体,用于验证RIL群体的定位结果,最后通过目标QTL区间跨叠系,明确主效位点的染色体物理位置和遗传效应,为玉米籽粒性状主效QTL精细定位和候选基因的挖掘奠定基础,也为玉米产量相关性状的分子标记辅助选择提供参考和科学依据。
以玉米自交系B73(温带)和CML277(热带)为亲本构建的182个RIL家系为籽粒相关性状初定位群体,该群体来源于美国康奈尔大学的巢式关联作图(NAM,nested association mapping)群
以轮回亲本B73及其近等基因导入系NIL-1041A杂交构建的564个F2次级分离群体及其衍生家系为材料,用于籽粒相关性状主效QTL验证和精细定位。其中,导入系NIL-1041A选自于国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT,Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maizy Trigo)的以CML277为供体亲本、B73为受体亲本构建的导入系(ILs, introgression lines)群体。经多环境下的表型精准鉴定,导入系NIL-1041A的粒宽、百粒重等籽粒相关性状与受体亲本B73存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。
B73×CML277组合RIL群体分别于2010年海南三亚南滨农场(18.39°N,109.19°E)、2011年重庆潼南(30.03°N, 106.22°E)、2011年河南新乡(35.19°N, 113.53°E)、2011年天津(39.40°N, 117.05°E)、2011年北京顺义(39.48°N, 116.28°E)共5个环境进行种植。各环境下的RIL群体均采用随机区组设计,单行区,2次重复,行长3 m,行距0.6 m,株距0.25 m,每行定苗12株。
为了验证RIL群体的定位结果,2015年春在北京昌平试验基地(40.17°N,116.23°E)种植B73和NIL-1041A杂交组合的F2分离群体(包含564个单株),分离群体全部单株自交后进行基因型和表型鉴定。根据F2群体的定位结果,2015年冬在海南三亚南滨农场利用籽粒大小目标主效QTL两侧的分子标记和MaizeSNP50芯片覆盖玉米全基因组的SNP标记挑选出目标区段为杂合基因型,而其余区段为纯合B73基因型的单株并自交用于后续精细定位。2016年在北京昌平和海南三亚南滨农场种植目标QTL的分离群体,利用QTL两侧的分子标记筛选重组单株并自交,2017年在北京昌平扩繁重组单株衍生的纯合重组家系(HR,homozygous recombinant)及其纯合非重组家系(HNR,homozygous non-recombinant)。为了进一步缩小目标主效QTL的定位区间,2017年在海南三亚南滨农场和梅山(18.37°N,109.06°E)种植所有重组单株衍生的纯合重组家系和对应的纯合非重组家系。田间试验采用随机区组设计,单行区,3次重复,每个家系种1行,行长3 m,行距0.6 m,株距0.25 m,每行定苗12株。
试验材料生长期内的施肥、灌溉和病虫草害防治等所有田间管理措施均遵循当地大田生产管理。待完全成熟后,每行收获中间5株的果穗用于考察粒长、粒宽和百粒重。粒长和粒宽为每个果穗中部随机挑选10个籽粒测量,每个果穗重复测量3次取平均值,单位为cm。百粒重为每个果穗随机选取100个籽粒的重量,每个果穗重复测量3次取平均值,单位为g。
当玉米植株长至6叶时,按单株取幼嫩叶片(纯合家系为所有单株叶片的混合),采用CTAB
用于QTL验证和精细定位的分子标记,主要参考MaizeGDB网站(http://www.maizegdb.org/)公布的简单重复序列(SSR,simple sequence repeats)标记,其他来源于B73和CML277参考基因组序列信息比对分析获得的插入缺失(InDel,insertion deletion)标记,使用Primer5.0软件设计亲本间多态性分子标
对于RIL群体,选择测序质量好、最小等位基因频率高于0.05的多态性SNP标记,利用重组最大简约法(MPR,maximum parsimony of recombination)推测RIL群体的双亲基因型,根据双亲SNP基因型对RIL群体的基因型进行赋值,将具有相同基因型的SNP区域集约化为一个区块(bin),利用全基因组的所有区块构建RIL群体的重组区块图谱(Recombination bin map
对于B73和NIL-1041A组配的F2分离群体,选择符合正常分离的InDel和SSR标记,利用QTL IciMapping V4.1软件中的MAP模块构建导入片段的局部遗传连锁
使用Microsoft Excel 2010与SAS V9.2软件对表型数据进行统计分析。利用QTL IciMapping V4.1软件中的完备区间作图法(ICIM,inclusive composite interval mapping)对籽粒相关性状进行QTL定位,其中缺失表型数据用“-100”表示,LOD阈值设置为2.5
利用GBS技术,对以B73和CML277为亲本构建的RIL群体进行基因型检测,过滤掉等位基因频率小于0.05的SNP后获得372534个高质量SNP位点。利用高质量SNP位点构建RIL群体的重组区块图谱,共包含2141个bin标记。再利用2141个bin标记构建遗传连锁图谱,结果表明,遗传连锁图谱总长度为1264.26 cM,标记间最大距离为15.02 cM,最小距离为0.29 cM,标记间平均遗传距离为0.59 cM(

图1 籽粒相关性状QTL在遗传图谱上的分布
Fig.1 Distribution of kernel related QTL detected on genetic linkage maps
白色矩形代表粒长QTL,交叉线矩形代表粒宽QTL,黑色矩形代表百粒重QTL
The rectangle in white represent kernel length QTL(qKL), the rectangle with crossed lines represent kernel width QTL(qKW),the rectangle in black represent hundred kernel weight QTL(qHKW)
5个环境下RIL群体粒长均值为8.71 cm,变异范围为7.59~9.65 cm;粒宽均值为7.38 cm,变异范围为6.69~8.11 cm;百粒重均值为21.02 g,变异范围为15.99~27.67 g。粒长、粒宽和百粒重的表型频率分布均呈正态分布或近似正态分布(

图2 粒长、粒宽和百粒重在RILs群体中的分布
Fig.2 The distribution of kernel length, kernel width and hundred kernel weight in RILs
利用RIL群体5个环境下籽粒性状的表型均值进行QTL定位,共检测到9个QTL,分别在第 1、2、3、5、9、10 染色体上,单个QTL可以解释的表型变异在5.12%~20.34%之间(
籽粒性状 Kernel trait | 染色体 Chr. | QTL名称 QTL name | 标记区间 Marker interval | LOD 值 LOD score | 贡献率(%) PVE | 加性效应 Additive effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
粒长 Kernel length | 10 | qKL10-1 | m6839~m6859 | 3.01 | 7.98 | 0.111 |
10 | qKL10-2 | m7117~m7130 | 3.10 | 7.54 | -0.107 | |
粒宽 Kernel width | 2 | qKW2 | m1403~m1420 | 9.65 | 20.34 | 0.122 |
3 | qKW3 | m1869~m1896 | 3.94 | 8.42 | 0.079 | |
9 | qKW9 | m6598~m6608 | 2.63 | 5.12 | 0.061 | |
百粒重 Hundred kernel weight | 1 | qHKW1 | m855~m857 | 3.24 | 6.36 | 0.497 |
2 | qHKW2 | m1403~m1420 | 7.59 | 15.84 | 0.781 | |
5 | qHKW5 | m3463~m3503 | 3.65 | 7.44 | -0.535 | |
9 | qHKW9 | m6641~m6650 | 2.79 | 5.51 | 0.460 |
PVE: Phenotypic variations explained; The same as below
qKW2和qHKW2是控制粒宽和百粒重的主效QTL,可解释的表型贡献率分别为20.34%和15.84%,增效等位基因都来源于CML277;qKW2和qHKW2共定位于第2染色体bin2.04同一区间内(标记m1403~m1420),且粒宽的LOD值和贡献率都大于百粒重。因此,m1403~m1420位点可能存在同时控制粒宽和百粒重的主效QTL(一因多效),或者是2个紧密连锁的主效QTL,将其命名为qKW2.04用于后续进一步研究。
对B73和导入系NIL-1041A的籽粒相关性状进行精准评价(

图3 B73及其导入系NIL-1041A的粒宽、百粒重表型差异分析
Fig.3 Phenotypic difference between B73 and its introgression line NIL-1041A in kernel width and hundred kernel weight
A:亲本间粒宽的表型差异;**:在P < 0.01水平达到显著差异
A:Phenotypic difference in kernels between parents; **:Significantly different at P< 0.01
利用MaizeSNP50高密度基因芯片对NIL-1041A的导入片段进行分析,结果表明NIL-1041A及其轮回亲本B73之间的全基因组相似性为86.2%。进一步分析发现,在B73遗传背景下,NIL-1041A中主要导入2个来源于CML277的染色体片段,分别位于第2和第3染色体,导入片段大小分别为182.63 Mb、133.97 Mb(
染色体 Chr. | 标记区间 Marker interval | 物理位置 (Mb) Physical position | 片段大小 (Mb) Size |
---|---|---|---|
2 | PZE-102045397~PZE-102159564 | 23.32~205.95 | 182.63 |
3 | SYN682~SYN15478 | 28.33~162.30 | 133.97 |
物理位置参考B73_RefGen_v2
Physical location reference B73_RefGen_v2
根据MaizeSNP50基因芯片对NIL-1041A的染色体导入片段的分析结果,针对第2、3染色体上的导入片段,一方面在MazieGDB公共数据库中筛选亲本间具有多态性的SSR标记,另一方面参考亲本CML277和B73的参考基因组序列设计InDel标记,筛选亲本间具有差异的多态性InDel标记(
标记名 Marker name | 上游引物(5'→3') Forward primer (5'→3') | 下游引物(5'→3') Reverse primer (5'→3') |
---|---|---|
phi053 | CTGCCTCTCAGATTCAGAGATTGAC | AACCCAACGTACTCCGGCAG |
phi083 | CAAACATCAGCCAGAGACAAGGAC | ATTCATCGACGCGTCACAGTCTACT |
umc1223 | TTCAACAGATTCAGAGAAAGCACA | TTGATAATTAATCCGCAGCTCTCTC |
umc1448 | ATCCTCTCATCTTTAGGTCCACCG | CATATACAGTCTCTTCTGGCTGCTCA |
umc1501 | CCACATTTGGCTGAATTTGTTGTA | CTTGTTGGCTAGAAATTTGCCTTG |
umc1535 | GGCAGAGAGATGAAAAAGAATGGA | CAAGGCACCCACACACATACATA |
umc1555 | ATAAAACGAACGACTCTCTCACCG | ATATGTCTGACGAGCTTCGACACC |
umc1908 | CGTACACTCAATCACGATCCAAAC | AACTTTGGGTACAAGTCAAGAGGC |
umc2002 | TGACCTCAACTCAGAATGCTGTTG | CACAAAATCCTCGAGTTCTTGATTG |
umc2254 | GCACAAAGCATCGTACTTGGATAG | CCTTTGTCCTCGATCTCTCAGTTC |
umc2625 | GTGTGGTTGGATCTCTATGAGCCT | CGCTGACCATGTAGCGTCATTAT |
bnlg108 | GCACTCACGCGCACAGGTCA | CGCCTGCCAAGGTACATCAC |
bnlg2077 | GACCAGAGGATGGGGAAATT | GTAGGCACATGCACATGAGG |
InDel23.11 | GAAACCGAGATGAGGGAATA | GATGTGATGACGACCAGTAAG |
InDel23.32 | ACAGGGGCAGACCCAAAAGG | TTTCGGGGACGAGGATGGAG |
InDel23.73 | GCCAGTTTGGACCAGGGACG | CTACGAGCAACACCTTTATCTTTA |
InDel26.76 | GGAGCAGGCAGAAAAGAAAC | AGGGAGGGAAACGCTATACTA |
InDel27.86 | CTAATGGGCTCTAAGATGGT | CAATAGCTTTGGTTGGACGT |
InDel28.31 | GAGTTCACGCTCAAGTCGG | CAAACAGTGGCGGCAGATA |
InDel28.64 | GTTGGTCGGTCAGTTTGCT | CTCGTCCTCTGGTTCGTTC |
InDel29.12 | TTTCTGTTCAGGCACAAGTA | TCGTGACAGGATGTGGCTAT |
InDel31.06 | TCCGACAAGTACAACGAGAT | ACACGAGCGTCACTCCCTAT |
InDel32.58 | AGGAGGATGAAGATACGAGTG | CAAGAAGCAACCAGGACAGC |
InDel47.09 | GGGCTGGACCAGGCACTAT | CGGAAGCAGAGGCATGAGA |
InDel57.06 | CTGGGCTGCTCACGAAGTCA | ACTCAACCACCCTCGCCATT |
应用QTL IciMapping V4.1的ICIM-ADD模型分析法,对B73和NIL-1041A组合F2群体的粒宽和百粒重进行QTL分析,检测到3个粒宽QTL,其中在第2染色体导入片段内检测到2个紧密连锁的粒宽QTL,分别位于标记区间InDel23.32~umc1555和InDel47.09~InDel57.06,表型贡献率分别为22.45%和12.22%,增效等位变异均来自CML277。与RIL群体定位结果类似,在第3染色体上同样检测到1个粒宽QTL,标记区间为umc1908~umc1223,遗传效应较小,表型贡献率为6.90%。同时,还检测到2个百粒重QTL,分别在第2染色体标记区间umc1555~umc1448和第3染色体标记区间phi053~umc1501,表型贡献率分别为13.97%和8.21%,增效等位变异均来自CML277(
结合RIL群体和导入系衍生F2群体的定位结果可知,RIL群体定位的粒宽和百粒重主效QTL qKW2.04可进一步分解为2个紧密连锁的相引相QTL,第1个位点记作qKW2.04-1,第2个位点记作qKW2.04-2(
籽粒性状 Kernel trait | 染色体 Chr. | QTL名称 QTL name | 标记区间 Marker interval | LOD 值 LOD score | 贡献率(%) PVE | 加性效应 Additive effect | 显性效应 Dominance effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
粒宽 Kernel width | 2 | qKW2.04-1 | InDel23.32~umc1555 | 16.18 | 22.45 | 0.266 | 0.101 |
2 | qKW2.04-2 | InDel47.09~InDel57.06 | 9.41 | 12.22 | 0.195 | 0.069 | |
3 | qKW3 | umc1908~umc1223 | 3.51 | 6.90 | 0.139 | 0.087 | |
百粒重 Hundred kernel weight | 2 | qHKW2 | umc1555~umc1448 | 12.04 | 13.97 | 1.588 | 0.706 |
3 | qHKW3 | phi053~umc1501 | 7.22 | 8.21 | 1.254 | 0.706 |
选择qKW2.04-1区段(InDel23.32和umc1448)为杂合基因型,而其余区段为B73纯合基因型的单株自交,用于筛选目标QTL区间内的重组单株。为避免非目标QTL导入片段对精细定位结果的影响,将所有重组单株自交2代,利用交换断点的分子标记筛选出纯合重组家系和纯合非重组家系,经多代背景选择后筛选出qKW2.04-1区段发生交换的101个纯合家系,2017年在海南三亚南滨和梅山试验基地进行后代测验和粒宽表型比较。由

图4 粒宽主效位点qKW2.04-1的精细定位
Fig.4 Fine mapping of kernel width related QTL qKW2.04-1
A:纯合重组家系及其对应的纯合非重组家系的基因型;白色为B73基因型,黑色为CML277基因型,REC1~REC9为重组单株的9种重组类型;B:不同环境下纯合重组家系和对应的纯合非重组家系间的粒宽差异,括号内数值为样本量大小
A:The genotype of the homozygous recombinant (HR) families and homozygous non-recombinant (HNR) families; White and black indicated introgressed segments from B73 and CML277, respectively; REC1-REC9 represent nine recombinant types of recombinant individual; B:Kernel width difference between HR and homologous HNR families,numbers in brackets is the sample size
重组单株后代测验结果表明,在南滨和梅山2个试验点,REC5、REC6、REC7、REC8的纯合重组家系和纯合非重组家系间均存在显著的粒宽差异,可以将qKW2.04-1定位在标记InDel26.76和InDel28.31间约1.55 Mb的范围内。而在南滨和梅山2个试验点,REC1、REC2、REC3、REC4、REC9的纯合重组家系和纯合非重组家系间粒宽差异均不显著,可以将qKW2.04-1定位在标记InDel26.76和InDel27.86间约1.1 Mb的范围内。因此,利用目标QTL区间内的跨叠系群体,将qKW2.04-1定位在标记InDel26.76的下游和InDel27.86的上游,在B73 RefGenV2参考基因组第2染色体的26.76~27.86 Mb区间之内,区间大小约1.1 Mb。
玉米是全球种植范围最广、产量最高的粮食作物,其显著的高产潜能对于保障国家粮食安全意义重
本研究所鉴定到的qKW2.04可以分别解释20.34%的粒宽和15.84%的百粒重表型变异,为主效位点。另外,qKW2.04定位区域与之前很多籽粒产量相关性状QTL定位的区段重叠,例如,以B73和A7为亲本构建的F3群体将1个粒重主效QTL定位至第2染色体bin2.04,可解释表型变异的26.5
同一个QTL内可能存在多个影响表型的基因,由于群体大小、标记数目和表型鉴定准确性等原因,在初级QTL群体中定位的数量性状主效位点可能包含多个紧密连锁的基因位点,需要构建遗传背景较为简单的高代回交群体、鉴定更多的重组交换单株,才能更好地估计单个QTL的遗传效应。水稻中2个粒宽基因GS5和GW5在第5染色体上的物理距离不到2 Mb,在GS5的图位克隆过程中由于GW5的影响使得GS5的部分交换单株基因型和表型发生矛盾,最后通过构建固定GW5基因而GS5基因分离的定位群体才最终完成GS5的图位克
利用玉米自交系B73与CML277构建的RIL群体,在第2染色体bin2.04区间内鉴定到可分别解释20.34%的粒宽和15.84%的百粒重表型变异的主效QTL,增效等位基因源于CML277,将其命名为qKW2.04。以B73及其近等导入系材料NIL-1041A为亲本构建F2分离群体,以qKW2.04为靶标,构建目标QTL区间的跨叠系,将qKW2.04分解为2个紧密连锁的相引相粒宽QTL qKW2.04-1与qKW2.04-2,并将qKW2.04-1精细定位到第2染色体的26.76~27.86 Mb区间之内,为进一步开展qKW2.04位点的功能基因克隆和遗传资源的创制提供了重要的研究基础。
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