摘要
花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.)是一种集调味、入药、榨油及观赏于一体的重要经济作物,在我国历史悠久、种植广泛。我国是花椒的原产地,已发现45个种、13个变种,资源丰富。花椒喜阳光,生存能力强,但低温是影响花椒产量和品质的主要环境因子,花椒相对较差的耐低温能力使其栽培区域受到了限制,严重阻碍了花椒产业可持续发展。本文从花椒生长形态、抗寒鉴定评价、生理生化变化以及分子响应机制4个方面综述了国内外研究现状。花椒耐低温能力鉴定有田间自然鉴定和室内低温处理2种方法;花椒有关生理变化的相关研究集中在含水量、生物膜结构(相对电导率、丙二醛)、抗氧化酶系统(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等)和渗透调节物质(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸)4个方面;在对花椒分子响应机制的探究中发现有多个代谢途径共同响应花椒的低温胁迫。最后,本文就当前花椒响应低温胁迫的研究方向进行了分析和展望,以期为进一步研究花椒种质资源抗寒性鉴定评价以及抗寒种质创制和品种培育奠定基础。
花椒为芸香科(Rutaceae)花椒属落叶木本植
低温作为重要的逆境因子限制了花椒的生长发育及地理分
我国地大物博,疆域内南北气候差异较大,花椒在北方地区的发芽开花时间为三月下旬和四月初,期间的低温春寒特异气候会对花椒的花芽和叶芽造成毁灭性的伤害,限制了花椒的栽培区域。因此,提升花椒对低温的适应性并选育出有较强抗寒性的品种是减少经济损失的有效方
植物生长发育过程中常受到温度、水分、盐碱及重金属等的侵袭影响,其中低温作为对植物伤害最大的非生物胁迫之一,时常发生在农业生产之中,其决定了植物的地理分布、生长发育、产量及品
低温胁迫会对花椒的生长及表型造成很大的影响,且症状展现形式灵活多变,在不同的部位、时期及冷害程度均会有不同的表型变化。花椒受到低温胁迫会出现出叶片卷曲、组织变色、叶病变、顶芽发黑等现象(

图1 低温胁迫对花椒生长及表型的影响
Fig. 1 Effects of low-temperature stress on growth and phenotypes of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.
花椒在我国分布广泛,各主产地也根据产地的地理环境、气候条件等因素因地制宜地进行品种栽培(
主产地 Main production appellations | 种植品种 Planting varieties | 果实颜色 Fruit colour |
---|---|---|
甘肃产区 Gansu appellation | 天水无刺、金权无刺 | 以红花椒为主 |
四川产区 Sichuan appellation | 供椒、南路椒、小椒、麻柳椒、藤椒 | 红花椒、青花椒均有种植 |
云南产区 Yunnan appellation | 云林、永青、哈尼椒、大叶水椒等 | 以青花椒为主 |
贵州产区 Guizhou appellation | 茵红椒 | 以红花椒为主 |
重庆产区 Chongqing appellation | 荣昌无刺、九叶青、水椒等 | 以青花椒为主 |
山西产区 Shanxi appellation | 八月红 | 以红花椒为主 |
山东产区 Shandong appellation | 莱芜花椒 | 以红花椒为主 |
陕西产区 Shaanxi appellation | 葡萄椒、狮子头、无刺大红袍 | 以红花椒为主 |
河南产区 Henan appellation | 九月红 | 以红花椒为主 |
植物的抗寒性鉴定主要包括田间和室内鉴定(

图2 花椒抗寒性鉴定方法
Fig. 2 Identification method of cold resistance of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.
为评估花椒的抗寒能力,李秀
由
序号 Serial number | 鉴定指标 Identification index | 品种数量Quantity of cultivar | 抗寒品种 Cold resistant cultivar | 低温敏感品种 Low temperature sensitive cultivar | 参考文献 Reference |
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1 | 自然低温冻害统计新梢受冻害的比率、受冻害长度、受冻害数量、2次萌芽所需时间、当年新梢最大生长量、当年鲜果产量 | 4 | 秦安1号、豆椒 | 大红袍、油椒 |
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2 | 电解质外渗率、解剖结构的观测 | 3 | 秦安1号 | 大红袍 |
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3 | 电解质外渗率、半致死温度 | 4 | 凤县花椒 | 武都花椒 |
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4 | 田间自然霜冻调查花椒受冻程度和立地条件、品种、树龄和不同环境的关系 | 4 | 秦安1号、枸椒 | 大红袍 |
[ |
5 | 木质部导水率、半栓塞温度 | 6 | 狮子头、西农无刺 | 无刺椒、仡劳无刺 |
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6 | 电解质外渗率、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白含量 | 8 | 涉县花椒、平顺花椒 |
循化花椒、 汉源花椒 |
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7 | 细胞超微结构观察、过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量;转录组测序及差异基因表达模式分析以及冷响应关键基因的鉴定 | 2 | 府谷花椒 | 凤县大红袍 |
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8 | 田间自然霜冻调查花椒受冻程度和立地条件、品种、树龄和不同环境的关系 | 3 | 油椒、豆椒 | 凤椒 |
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9 | 电解质外渗率、半致死温度、渗透调节物质(脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量)、保护酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶)、 丙二醛、含水量 | 7 | 府谷花椒、西农无刺 |
雅安花椒、 贵州六盘水 |
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10 | 光合特性、叶绿素含量、相对电导率、丙二醛含量、保护酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶)、渗透调节物质(可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量) | 2 | 竹叶花椒变异少刺品系 | 汉源葡萄椒 |
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11 | 种子发芽率、幼苗鲜质量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、游离脯氨酸 | 4 | 秦安1号 | 陕西大红袍 |
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12 | 电解质外渗率、半致死温度 | 3 | 油椒、豆椒 | 大红袍 |
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13 | 相对电导率、半致死温度、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性 | 37 | 葡萄椒、狮子头、南强1号、南强2号、臭椒、无刺大红袍、红盖花椒、日本花椒、朝仓山椒、八月红 | 荣昌无刺、红叶小椒、三叉河花椒、哈尼椒、大叶水椒 |
[ |
14 |
超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量、 相对电导率 | 4 | 朝仓山椒、花山椒 | 琉锦山椒 |
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15 | 保护酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶)、丙二醛含量、相对电导率、渗透调节物质(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量)、叶绿素含量 | 3 | 莱芜少刺 | 凤椒 |
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16 | 质膜透性、半致死温度、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白含量 | 10 | 涉县花椒、豆椒 | 竹叶椒、汉源花椒 |
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当花椒受到低温胁迫,外部形态会因组织脱水表现为叶片卷曲、萎蔫甚至脱
低温会加剧细胞内电解质外渗,导致相对电导率升高,从而损伤细胞结构、影响生理功能
低温会使植物体内积累大量活性氧,活性氧的增多会加剧膜脂过氧化反应,引起膜蛋白变性,导致植物损伤甚至死
植物体内的渗透调节物质主要包括可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸(Pro)
可溶性糖的积累可以防止低温下胞间结冰,增强细胞膜的稳定性,并参与清除细胞中的活性
高水平的可溶性蛋白含量可以提高细胞的持水能力并降低其冰点,低温诱导产生的抗冻蛋白与植物的抗寒性密切相
游离脯氨酸能够维持生物膜和酶蛋白的结构稳定性,作为非酶促抗氧化物质,它能清除逆境中产生的大量活性氧,增强植物的抗寒能
除生理变化外,低温胁迫后许多调控因子在转录水平、蛋白质水平和翻译后修饰等方面也发生一系列变化。近年来,有学者在分子层面探究花椒抗寒机理,具体可归为两种:(1)以低温耐受型和低温敏感型两个品种花椒为试验材料,挖掘低温处理下两个品种的差异基因,分析验证得到抗寒关键基
在生产过程中花椒容易出现晚霜冻害或“倒春寒”
任利
综上所述,为抵御低温伤害,植物体内逐步形成了复杂且高效的分子调控机制。脱落酸信号的核心调控因子PP2C、SnRK2和ABF及光系统Ⅱ相关的Psb基因家族在花椒低温胁迫中发挥着重要作用。以上结果不仅能够从分子水平更好的认识花椒对低温的响应,更有利于开展后续研究。
有学者发现通过外源物质能够缓解植物在低温胁迫下的损伤,且能够兼具优良农艺性状,具有好的发展前
外源物名称 Allogene name | 试验材料 Experimental material | 处理方法 Treatment method | 影响及作用机制 Effect and functional mechanism | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
壳寡糖 Chitosan oligosaccharide | 贵州六盘水花椒 | 壳寡糖溶液0、0.0025 %、0.005 %、0.0075 %、0.01%、0.0125 %喷施 | 壳寡糖溶液增加游离脯氨酸含量,使可溶性糖含量保持在一个比较稳定的区间;保持高水平的可溶性蛋白含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性,可在一定程度上降低丙二醛含量 |
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磷酸二氢钾、蔗糖 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate、sucrose | 刺椒、绵椒 | 0.5%KH2PO4溶液,0.5%蔗糖溶液喷施 | 提高花椒可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、游离脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性和生长量、产量及质量 |
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磷酸二氢钾 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate |
竹叶花椒 (藤椒) |
0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8% KH2PO4溶液喷施 | 降低游离脯氨酸含量、提高可溶性糖含量及可溶性蛋白含量;提高超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性;降低过氧化氢酶活性;降低丙二醛含量 |
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褪黑素 Melatonin |
韩城大红袍 花椒 | 200 μmol/L 褪黑素溶液喷施 | 提高花椒的叶绿素荧光参数、过氧化物酶活性以及可溶性糖含量,减少活性氧及丙二醛的积累,外源喷施褪黑素后会影响花椒的光合和物质代谢相关基因表达保护光合系统,调控与淀粉合成和分解相关的酶基因来改变渗透调节物质含量,达到提高花椒抗寒性的目的 |
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多效唑(PP333)、烯效唑、乙烯利、果树促控剂 Paclobutrazol(PP333)、Uniconazole、 ethrel、PBO |
汉源葡萄 青椒 |
100、400、700、1000 mg/L多效唑; 100、200、300、400 mg/L烯效唑; 100、400、700、1000 mg/L乙烯利; 1500、3500、5500、7500 mg/L PBO喷施 | 提高青椒花芽内源脱落酸含量及生长素/赤霉素、脱落酸/赤霉素和(生长素+脱落酸)/赤霉素的比值,降低生长素和赤霉素含量,促进花芽分化,抑制枝条伸长,增加粗度,提高木质化程度,提高分化率及坐果率,明显增产。增加可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,增强超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化物酶活性,减少丙二醛积累 |
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磷酸二氢钾 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate | 花椒 |
0.5%KH2PO4喷施1次、 2次及3次 | 降低新梢受冻率,提高花椒坐果率和单株产量,且喷施3次效果最好 |
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碧护 Bihu | 大红袍花椒 |
在不同时期喷施0.0125 %药液的 碧护处理 | 促进细胞分裂和新陈代谢;保花保果、提高坐果率,减少花椒生理落果 |
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目前有更多种类的外源物被用于缓释植物低温伤害,其在植物的各个调控和功能系统中发挥作
花椒响应低温胁迫机制的研究已经取得较大进展,众多国内外有关研究表明低温胁迫影响花椒植株含水量、生物膜结构、抗氧化酶系统和渗透调节物质,激素信号转导脱落酸途径在花椒抗寒方面有至关重要的作用,奠定了花椒抗寒内在机理的理论基础。综上所述,花椒的耐低温能力是受多个调节系统、多种基因控制的。作为一种分布广泛的作物,在不同的地理环境和品种之间,花椒的耐寒能力存在差异,在后续研究中应加强地理环境和品种差异分析,对研究结果进行实地验证和应用,促进研究成果的有效转化。未来在农业生产上可以通过引种驯化选育各地区适宜的抗寒花椒品种,采用防寒保暖农业措施提高花椒的抗寒能力。另外,应注意抗寒种质资源的培育与选择,利用基因编辑和遗传改良等技术筛选和培育高抗寒花椒品种,采用更系统高效的方法对花椒品种进行准确的抗寒性鉴定,以更深入解析花椒响应低温的机制。与此同时,在相关生理机制研究的基础上,加强对基因组、蛋白组、代谢组等方面的多组学研究,更深入地探究花椒遗传多样性与稳定性,挖掘鉴定抗寒关键基因,进一步探索低温胁迫下脱落酸等激素信号通路在花椒响应低温的分子机制及调控网络。通过加强花椒响应低温胁迫的分子生物学研究,可以更好地阐明花椒抗寒性状形成的遗传基础和分子机制,为其遗传改良提供科学依据。
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