摘要
睡莲属植物是重要的水生观赏植物,在水生态修复、园林绿化、园艺康养等方面发挥着重要的作用。本文系统综述了利用形态学、细胞学、孢粉学、分子标记技术等对睡莲属植物类群划分及特点的研究进展,从不同角度深入分析睡莲属植物的系统进化和亲缘关系;并概述了睡莲基因组学及基因家族功能分析与鉴定研究现状、睡莲生理生化及抗性研究进展,为系统研究睡莲属植物的生殖生长及逆境响应机制提供基础;同时,还综述了睡莲属植物的胚胎发育、繁殖过程及育种等方面的相关研究内容;并对睡莲属植物今后的研究方向进行展望,睡莲属植物的研究应持续深入,建立遗传转化体系,加强睡莲育种及全基因组测序工作,以期为利用分子生物学技术进行睡莲新品种选育及繁殖、睡莲属植物的种质资源保存与利用等方面提供重要理论依据。
睡莲为睡莲科(Nymphaeaceae)睡莲属(Nymphaea)多年生草本花卉,其品种丰富,花色艳丽,姿态优美,具有很高的观赏价值和园艺研究价值,被称为池塘“调色板”,也是目前水景园林中浮水观赏植物的首选材料。睡莲的应用历史悠久,在我国2000年前的汉代,睡莲就应用到私家园林的造景中;同样地,在16世纪的意大利,睡莲就作为主要的水景装饰材料应用到室外景观配置中。此外,睡莲也是水体生态修复植物,可以吸收水体中的重金属以及有机污染物质,修复富营养化水
睡莲是睡莲属植物的通称,共有原生种50多种,根据其耐寒性可分为耐寒睡莲(Hardy waterlily)与热带睡莲(Tropical waterlily)两大
睡莲属作为古老的开花植物类群,其形态学、孢粉学、组学等方面的研究对睡莲属植物的系统进化、分类及亲缘关系间的鉴定具有重要意义,可为开花植物的进化特点和特征提供理论依据。
根据形态学特征可将睡莲属植物分为离生心皮组和聚合心皮组两类,离生心皮组又可分为缺柱亚属(Subgenus Anecphya)与短柱亚属(Subgenus Brachyceras),聚合心皮组又可分为南非睡莲亚属(Subgenus Nymphaea)、棒柱亚属(Subgenus Hydrocallis)和带柱亚属(Subgenus Lotos
睡莲属植物的染色体数量进化较为复杂,各个亚属间的染色体数目差异也较大。例如,广热带睡莲亚属有二倍体(埃及蓝睡莲,N. caerulea)和六倍体(延药睡莲,N. nouchali),澳大利亚睡莲亚属有六倍体(永恒睡莲,N. immutabilis)、八倍体(紫色睡莲,N. violacea)和十六倍体(澳洲巨花睡莲,N. gigantea),古热带睡莲亚属有四倍体(柔毛齿叶睡莲,N.pubescens),广温带睡莲亚属有四倍体(墨西哥黄睡莲,N. mexicana)和八倍体(香睡莲,N. odorata),新热带睡莲亚属有三倍体(鲁吉娜睡莲,N. rudgeana)和四倍体(亚马逊睡莲,N. amazonum
为了解睡莲特性、区分睡莲属植物,已有多篇报道集中于睡莲内在结构的研究。例如:杨
花粉形态特征不受环境的影响,具有保守性,可用于植物种质鉴定和亲缘关系分析。睡莲属植物花粉形态差异较大,环槽型萌发沟的位置在花粉远极端和赤道间变
分子标记技术在系统分类和亲缘关系鉴定中应用广泛,目前睡莲属植物已涉及的技术包括ISSR分子标记、SSR分子标记、SRAP分子标记和DNA条形码。苏群
此外,Qian
叶绿体基因组常被用于构建系统进化树、种间亲缘关系鉴定。Sun
目前,睡莲属植物中侏儒卢旺达睡莲(N. thermarum)和蓝星睡莲的基因组已测序完成并发布,侏儒卢旺达睡莲基因组测序获得组装的基因组总长度为368014730 bp,短插入reads的k-mer分析预估基因组大小为49733903 bp,与现有的植物蛋白数据相结合后,共注释了25760个蛋白质编码基因,包含956个保守植物蛋白中的865个(90%),表明其基因区具有较好的代表性;根据获得的数据对其谱系模式、多效性基因的差异模式等进行探讨,揭示了草本植物的进化,是被子植物进化早期阶段的关键生物学创新之
睡莲基因功能的研究也逐渐深入,多个学者对睡莲的生长发育和内在调控机制进行了探讨。陈凯利
睡莲的雌雄配子体发育特点及结构特征,对研究被子植物的胚胎学具有重要参考意义。Povilus
花粉活力是花粉是否萌发的重要因子,关于睡莲花粉萌发的相关研究报道较
睡莲授粉后的萌发过程及其结实率低的原因也是重要的研究内容。Williams
睡莲具有丰富的花色,其中古热带睡莲亚属植物花色主要为红色和粉色系,而广温带睡莲亚属植物花色包含除蓝色外的所有色
关于睡莲花香研究方面,苏群
睡莲是重要的水生态修复植物,杨英
睡莲耐寒性、耐阴性方面的研究较为全面。黄祥
睡莲的繁殖具有多样性,既可进行有性繁殖,又可进行无性繁殖,无性繁殖包括块茎分生繁殖、球茎分生繁殖以及花胎生、叶胎生、走茎等特殊无性繁殖方式。苏群
Guo
此外,孙春青
睡莲育种方式多样,除常规杂交育种外,还有芽变、生物技术育种等方式。目前,通过芽变获得的睡莲品种包括:睡莲栽培种诱惑(N. ‘Attraction’)芽变获得的可稳定遗传的新品种天赐(N. ‘Tian Ci’
在150多年前,“世界耐寒睡莲之父”Joseph Bory Lartour-Marliac利用人工杂交选育出了100多个耐寒睡莲品种,当前许多品种仍被应
近年来,利用跨亚属杂交选育睡莲新品种是目前睡莲育种的热点。例如,Songpanich
目前,国内外研究者对睡莲的形态学、系统进化分类、生殖生物学、分子生物学等方面都进行了相关研究,但研究的深度和广度仍有待提
第一,应加强睡莲属植物的种质资源的评价与鉴定。首先,要对现有的原生种野生生境进行保护,了解其在野生生境中的形态特征和生长状况。其次,利用分子标记技术对现有种质资源进行遗传多样性研究,以期了解不同种质资源间的遗传背景以及它们间的亲缘关系,并对睡莲属植物的种质资源进行保护。最后,利用生理生化等技术手段对不同种质的遗传特征和生理特点进行研究,为睡莲育种提供背景资料。
第二,急需建立睡莲遗传转化体系。睡莲的繁殖方式多样化,但其离体组培培养难度较大,因此基于组培培养技术的遗传转化体系还未建立。建立高效的睡莲遗传转化和基因编辑体系,可用于睡莲重要调控基因功能的鉴定,并利用转基因技术手段获得性状改良的新品种,对于开展睡莲分子育种工作十分重要。
第三,继续开展睡莲属植物全基因组测序工作。到目前为止,热带蓝星睡莲和侏儒卢旺达睡莲已经完成全基因组测序并已发布,但是热带睡莲和耐寒睡莲的基因组序列差异较大,因此应选择耐寒睡莲的几个种进行全基因组测序工作。通过得到耐寒睡莲基因组的序列,可以更好地了解睡莲属植物基因组结构和功能,揭示睡莲属植物种间的遗传差异,对于解析睡莲属植物基因功能、系统演化、基因改良等具有重要意义。
第四,应加强睡莲育种工作。目前,国内睡莲新品种的选育处于快速发展阶段,但是种质资源收集和育种成果均与国外有差距,在育种目标方面还未形成自己的特色。一是进行睡莲的基因改良,以获得集多重优良性状于一体的睡莲新品种。二是加强阳台盆栽睡莲新品种的选育,育种目标为花色艳丽、耐荫、花期长的微小型睡莲。三是加强切花型睡莲新品种的选育,育种目标为花梗粗壮、花瓶插期长。四是加强应用于水体绿化的新品种选育,育种目标为花和叶观赏价值高且花期长的中大型睡莲。五是加强特色睡莲新品种的选育,主要是食用、茶用、香精香料用等系列睡莲新品种的筛选及选育。
第五,加强睡莲分子生物学的深入研究。充分利用成熟的分子生物学技术,重点研究睡莲的抗性、花色、新品种选育等方面。一是利用基因编辑技术,将可能调控耐寒睡莲耐寒性的关键基因(CodA、CBFs、HSP90、bHLHs等)转入热带睡莲,从而提高热带睡莲的耐寒性。二是充分挖掘并运用热带睡莲特有的蓝色花色,通过转基因技术育成蓝色的耐寒睡莲。三是研究睡莲胎生繁殖的分子机制,运用关键基因(ERFs、WRKYs)及激素相关调控通路调节胎生繁殖过程,实现胎生苗的大量繁殖,解决部分睡莲品种不耐运输、繁殖难的情况。四是进行睡莲跨亚属杂交障碍的相关研究,对跨亚属杂交障碍的关键基因(RbohC1、CIPK6等)的作用机制进行深入研究,为破除睡莲跨亚属杂交障碍提供理论依据。
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