Cotton collection in China rank fourth in the world. Total 8868 accessions were collected and preserved including 7362 G．hirsutum, 350 G．hirsutum race, 633 G．barbadence, 433 G．arbareum, 18 G．herbaceous, 32 wild spicies until Dec. in 2010. Based on IPGRI standard description for cotton (1980),we establish the “Descriptors and Data Standard for Cotton Germplasm” which help for cotton data collection , germplasm sharing and utilization. 66 agronomic traits including morphological, agronomic，fiber quality，disease, insect and adverse resistance were evaluated .8503 accessions cotton seeds were catalogged，7527 accessions were acquired data information, the eligible 7298 accessions were kept in the longterm genebank. The techniques for increasing seeds were perfectly test,and the seeds of 6550 accessions were propagated again，11507 accessions were released to 704 person-times with average of 1150 accessions per year in 2001-2010. A precise identification for 330 elite germplasm were carried out in Anyang of Henan，Nanjing of Jiangsu, Kuche of Xinjiang in 2007-2010, and the elite germplasm were shown to the breeders and famers in the fields. In recent ten years, 32 novel germplasm combined mutiple disirable traits such as better fiber quality，mutiple-resistance , high yield , high efficience etc. were developed. The related gene location and their gene sources of 12 elite germplasm were analyzed based on morphological, pedgree original and molecular characters. The fingerprints of elite germplasm were established based on a novel barcode method with denary numeric string of SSR,EST-SSR,AFLP markers.