Comprehensive analysis of agronomic and quality traits were conducted in peanut landraces of Henan province to provide theoretical basis for the genetic breeding of peanut. One hundred and twenty eight peanut landraces from different regions in Henan province were investigated for their botanical characters including plant type, branch type and flowering habits as well as agronomic traits such as main stem height, lateral branch length, total number of branches, number of pod-bearing branches,100-pod-weight and 100-seed-weight. Quality traits comprising protein content, oil content, oleic acid content and linoleic acid content were also detected. The result showed that most of the landraces were dense branch types. Among agronomic traits the coefficient of variation of one hundred kernel weight was the highest ( 31.1%), followed by that of pod weight per plant (27.5%),and total number of branches (22.2%). The coefficient of variation for the lateral branch length was the lowest (12.5%). In concern of the quality traits , the oil contents of the Henan landraces were relatively high and there were 10 accessions which had oil content more than 55%.The protein content was not high and the average was 25.3%. The oleic acid content was generally normal with the average of 45.4% and the highest of 52.4%. It is indicated that the agronomic and quality traits of Henan peanut landraces are diverse and oil contents are generally high. Rational utilization of Henan peanut landraces can provide materials with high quality traits in peanut breeding program for the quality improvement.