China is a great country in terms of plant genetic resources, and tremendous achievements have been made in conservation and use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA). However, China has not yet acceded to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). Over the past ten years, the implementation of the ITPGRFA has been moving into more extensive level and had different impacts on China. Currently, the conservation and use of PGRFA in China is still confronting new challenges in some respects. China’s accession to the ITPGRFA could bring a lot of opportunities for China. Specifically, China would be able to have access to PGRFA in the Multilateral System conveniently and guarantee sustainable use of PGRFA at the domestic level. Moreover, accession to the ITPGRFA could enable China to be eligible to participate in the benefit-sharing activities and receive financial support under the ITPGRFA’s Funding Strategy, and in the international negotiations and norm-making in the field of PGRFA. It is recommended that national competent authority adopt relevant measures to promote China’s accession to and implement the ITPGRFA.