The narrow genetic basis is the major bottleneck for wheat genetic improvement. To broaden wheat genetic resources by using beneficial genes from related species is an important way to produce new wheat germplasm resource. Chromosome engineering is an effective approach to introgress wheat foreign targeted genes into wheat genomes. Homoeologous recombination and ionizing radiation are two high-effective techniques for inducing wheat alien chromosome translocations, both of which can induce chromosome structural variations in a short period of time and have been widely used in practice. This study briefly reviewed the progress of Chinese Spring ph1b mutant and 60Co-γ-ray irradiation on mutagenesis characteristics and application in wheat germplasm innovation. Combination of oligonucleotide FISH will facilitate introgression and accurate identification of alien genes, as well as improve the efficiency of chromosome engineering. This study provides useful information for further mining and application of wheat alien genes via chromosome engineering for broadening genetic basis and promoting studies in genetics and genomics of wheat.