Fagopyrum cymosum（Trev.）Meisn. is a perennial medicinal plant (designated as buckwheat) of the genus Fagopyrum of the family Polygonaceae. In order to analyze the geographic distribution characteristics of wild F. cymosum in China and their genetic characteristics, relying on the Third National Survey and Collection of Crop Germplasm Resources, we conducted a survey in 13 provinces and 62 counties (cities and districts) in China. A total of 530 F. cymosum germplasm accessions were collected. The wild F. cymosum resources were found to be widely distributed in China, especially in the areas of E 90°.44′28″-119°.36′37″, N 24°.59′66″-33°.53′16″, with a preference in the subtropical monsoon climate area below 3500m. The inter-population diversity was observed regarding to the population quantity and genetic characteristics of F. cymosum, forming the distribution characteristics of high-altitude special type concentrated distribution area in Southeast Tibet, low-altitude genetic diversity enrichment area in Southwest China and low-altitude genetic type single area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. There are many excellent materials in the wild population, which can be developed and utilized in the fields of medicine, health care, animal husbandry, sightseeing and breeding. This study provided important reference in rare plant protection, taxonomic evolution of buckwheat, innovative utilization of germplasm resources and crop genetic improvement.