To accelerate the creation of high-quality germplasm resources for drought-resistant wheat and enrich genetic diversity, this study constructed a mutant library of wheat Chang 6990 using EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate) mutation technology and systematically screened its phenotypic traits and high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS). A phenotypic analysis of 20,331 individual plants from the M2 population identified 3,244 mutant plants, covering 10 phenotypic traits, including stem, leaf, awn, spike type, fertility, and growth period, with a total mutation rate of 15.96%. Additionally, a phenotypic analysis of 2,064 harvested mutant materials revealed 25 grain mutants, with mutation types including grain length, color, and fullness, yielding a mutation rate of 1.21%. Through SDS-PAGE identification, a total of 23 HMW-GS deletion mutants were screened, which showed the deletion of Bx7, By9, Dx5 and Dy10 in Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci. In this study, EMS mutagenesis technology was used to create abundant phenotypic mutants and HMW-GS mutant materials, which effectively eliminated the potential interference of genetic background differences on wheat quality traits, provided valuable genetic resources for dryland wheat quality breeding, and provided important basic data for in-depth understanding of the relationship between wheat quality traits and genetic variation.