Populus euphratica Oliv. is an important plant resources. And, the study and conservation of Populus euphratica Oliv. in Tarim are the major issue of concern, so the study is critical for both theory and application. According to the advances of the national and overseas, it was found, in the lower river branch of the Tarim River and the outer edge of the desert, that the study of the Populus euphratica Oliv. was neglected. So, the paper put forward the scheme of screening the dominant populus strains and constructing the genetic marker system in the lower groundwater of the Tarim River and elucidated the significance, methods and aims.