Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed and cash crop in the world. It is an important source of vegetable oil and protein in certain developing countries . China is the largest country in terms of peanut production, consumption and export trade. But comparative to rice and rape, it was short of studies in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), especially in molecular lever. In the resent years, molecular marker based on DNA developed promptly, and it was widely used in peanut. Application of molecular marker techniques were reviewed in this paper worldwide in origin of peanut, genetic diversity of germplasm resources, gene of resistance to disease and fingerprint in peanut.