75 Shaanxi soybean landraces were selected and a randomized blocked design was executed,then get date of 13 agronomic traits.Extracted DNA from five seeds of each landrace，amplified DNA with 42 RAPD primers，and analyzed genetic diversity index of agronomic traits and RAPD bands.42 RAPD primers were selected from 648 primers,and then 310 fragments were produced,an average of 7.3 fragments for each primer,the polymorphic percentage was 96%.The genetic diversity of Shaanxi soybean differs in different regions.Either the number of the highest diversity trait or the mean diversity value was higher in region North Qinling.The mean value of genetic diversity of RAPD bands were higher in region North Qinling while lower in region South Qinling,but the number of higher genetic diversity index of RAPD bands in region South Qinling was higher than that in north.Three groups were got from cluster analysis,landraces from same regions were tend to one cluster,clusters generally reflected the geographical origin of landraces.The first two principal components account for 1095% of the total variation,but it separated landraces of the two regions.Landraces of different regions showed significant difference by AMOVA analysis,variation between and within populations account for 7.94% and 92.06% of the total variation respectively,which were significant(P＜0.0001).The genetic diversity of soybean germplasm was higher in region North Qinling，although there were many tiny variations existed in population of region South Qinling.Populations of landraces divided by Mount Qinling showed significant difference.