Based on data inquired from the database on living collection in Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, this article analyzes the introduction of plant resources from China by the Garden in recent century, including the diversity of introduced plants, the source provinces and collection team, main taxa and the total quantity of introduced species in different period. The results show that the Garden has been introducing Chinese plants incessantly since early 20th century. Before 1980s, the introduction was mainly conducted by individuals and the annual sum of introduced species varied from several to several tens. However, since 1990s many expeditions participated in species collection in China and the annual sum was increasing every year, even reaching 500 species one year. The species are introduced from more 20 provinces, especially from Yunnan Province, Sichuan Province, Xizang Automonous Region and Taiwan Province in China. The article also discusses conservation-related problems, challenges and potential counter-measures for China, as one of the mega-diverse countries, in the context that growing focus and highlights are given to protecting bio-resources-related intellectual property rights.