Xinjiang wild walnut is a rare and important wild plant resource in China. In Asia, a large area of Xingjiang wild walnut is only distributed in wild walnut natural preservation area Gongliu County, Xinjiang. In order to protect the precious resources, the ground diameter in 30cm, tree height, and smoothness of bark, tree vigor, diseases, and insect pests of wild walnut in Gongliu County, Xinjiang was investigated in this study. Statistics of the distribution of wild walnut trees numbers in different valley, young trees proportion, diseases, and insect pest distribution were also investigated. The relationship between distribution density, age structure, tree vigor, and environment was also analyzed by its age structure via the smoothness of bark. The results showed that there are about 5500 wild walnut trees in wild walnut valley, at present, about 16% of which are young trees with ground diameter less than 10 cm in the 30 cm, and the number of wild walnut trees in west valley and east valley accounted for about 66% of the total. The age structure of the whole wild walnut forest is generally reasonable, belonging to the growth group structure. However, the infectious diseases, especially wild walnut brown patch and wild walnut branch blight disease, seriously affected on the tree growth potential.