Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Sharing from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted by the 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity is a milestone document which is going to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources—one of the objectives of Convention on Biological Diversity, and to affect international society from many aspects. Interpretation, analysis and assessment of the protocol is critical for decide whether to sign and ratify the Protocol. In this article, seven core contents of the protocol, including Compliance, Fair and Equitable Benefit-sharing, Access to Genetic Resources, Use of terms, Scope, Special Considerations and Traditional Knowledge associated with Genetic Resources were interpreted, analysis of its impacts and the predictions of its entry into force were given, and countermeasures were concluded.