The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of 27 oriental melon landraces of Zhejiang province were investigated by 81 phenotypic traits and cluster analysis. The results showed that Shannon-weaver genetic diversity coefficient of the 48 qualitative traits ranged from 0.17 to 1.98, and the variation coefficient of the 33 quantitative traits varied between 4.56% and 82.5%, implying the abundant genetic diversity. The cluster analysis based on the phenotypic traits indicated that the 27 oriental melon landraces could be divided into two groups at similarity coefficient of 0.30, well in correspondence with the growth period; one the other hand, the divisions of subgroups were independent of each other, but correlated with shape of fruit and seed and color of leaf, pericarp and its coating lines. The results of this study enrich the evaluation system and provide important information for the exploitation and utilization of excellent gene resources of melons.