Thinopyrum elongatum (2n=2X) and Thinopyrum ponticum (2n=10X) are important relatives of wheat, having some excellent characters such as resistance to disease, cold, drought and salinity-alkalinity. Thinopyrum elongatum and Thinopyrum ponticum are focused on for many years as theirgenomes contains many useful genes on wheat genetic breeding and as they are easy to hybrid with wheat. So, they are considered to be very important germplasm resources for wide hybridization breeding of wheat. This paper mainly summarized the research progress of the genomes in Th. elongatum (2n=2X) and Th. ponticum (2n=10X) and their application for wheat in adversity and disease resistance, photosynthetic capacity, yield and HMW-GS content improvement.