Rosa praelucens Byhouwer is a critically risked plant endemic to Shangrila County of Yunnan. It is also a famous alpine flower. The distribution and population status of R. praelucens was comprehensively and systematically investigated. The current natural distribution was then mapped. The age structure, the life table and survival curve based on the height and crown of every plant was analysed. The results were as the follows: 1)Except for the 69 individuals introduced and grown by local nurseries and companies, R. praelucens naturally distributed at a very long and narrow area along the Shuoduogang River around the Xiaozhongdian Town. It had totally 44 natural locations with 623 individuals, 61 of which were juvenile plants. Most of the location had only one or several adult plants and no regeneration occurred. Phenotypic characters such as floral form, petal number and petal color varied much in those sites with more individuals. Most of the individuals concentrated in the age of Ⅱto Ⅴ in both height structure and crown structure, while both the younger and aged individuals were much less, showing that the population was stable in the next period of time, despite it would decrease in the long run. The mortality rate increased with the growth of age. The standard survival proportion was highest at age Ⅱin height structure and age III in crown structure, respectively, then it decreased with the growth of age.