Wild species of Subsect.Vagintae native to China were involved in the origin of the cultivated tree peonies, so they have extremely important value in conservation of biodiversity and improving varieties of tree peony. Based on field survey and literatures, we investigated the biological characteristics and the natural geographic distribution of wild tree peony species of Subsect.Vagintae at national scale in order to provide reasonable references for protection and utilization of wild tree peony resources. The results show that there are 5 wild species and 1 hybrid species. They are mainly distributed in mountains of Qin-ling and Bashan, the forest of the Loess Plateaus in Shaanxi, Gansu and northwestern Sichuan. Shaanxi province has abundant wild tree peony resources. Meanwhile, the newly records of P. qiui were discovered in shangnan and xunyang county of Shaanxi province. The population characteristics of Subsect.Vagintae were analyzed. Prospect for exploitation and utilization and scientific conservation strategies of wild resources of Subsect.Vagintae were discussed.