Both Ruoqiang county and Qiemo county in the south margin of the Taklimakan Desert are typical examples of arid and semi-arid ecological region with ecological diversity, drought and little rain, and soil secondary salinization in Xinjiang. To date there have retained lots of traditional farming patterns, and abundant stress resistance crops germplasm resources. The investigation and collection of stress-tolerant crop germplasm resources were carried out in these counties. The 121 samples were collected in the survey which belonged to 11 families, 28 genus and 34 species, and the periodic change of the social development, the agricultural production and the succession of crop varieties was analysed. Furthermore, the collection, conservation and utilization of crop germplasm resources in the arid and semi-arid area of Xinjiang were also discussed in the paper.