To provide a theoretical basis for the identification and classification of 132 sweetpotato germplasm accessions, the DNA fingerprints and the genetic diversity were analyzed using SSR markers. As a result, there were 232 fragments were obtained by PCR amplification using 19 pairs of primers , including 165 were polymorphic bands with a polymorphism ratio of 71.1% and an average of 8.68 bands and with a polymorphism ratio of 71.1%. The polymorphic information content values (PIC) ranged from 0.6705 to 0.9331, with a mean of 0.8158. Notably, these 132 varieties could be assigned completely by using the primer pairs SSR9 and C33 and , thus both markers could be valuable for constructing DNA fingerprints. The genetic distance of 132 sweetpotato germplasms ranged from 0.0363 to 0.5939 with a mean of 0.4087, indicating a high level of genetic diversity. The cluster analysis revealed that the tested materials were divided into four categories. For example, the first category consisted of Jinshu 25 and three Japan introduced varieties, the second category consisted of JiXushu 23, Sudan, and Jinshu09281, the third category consisted of 37 S07 genotypes and 18 sweetpotato accessions, and the fourth category consisted of the remaining 70 accessions. Thus, this work deciphered the genetic diversity of the tested materials, which might provide a theoretical basis for selecting the parental lines used for molecular assisted breeding of sweetpotato.