The article interprets the legal construction of the Multilateral System of Access and Benefit-sharing (the MLS) which is the core of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, summarizes and analyzes the implementation progress and reform developments of the MLS. According to this article’s summary, it is clear that significant progress has been made in the implementation of the MLS, but a lot of challenges remain to be responded. The Treaty’s Governing Body is considering reforming the MLS by revising the Standard Material Transfer Agreement and expanding the coverage of the MLS. Relevant measures and programs have taken form and been submitted to the Governing Body for consideration.