Strawberry is one of the most important berry crops worldwide, and is always ranking first in cultivation area and yield harvest among the small berries. Nowadays the strawberry planting has become one of profiling agricultural industries in China. The breeding of cultivated strawberries began in England in the early 19th century, while it began in the 1950s in China. According to the timeline, the breeding history and representative varieties of strawberry at home and abroad were described in this paper. So far a relatively complete reference genome has not been assembled, due to the high degree of homology between subgenomes in the octoploid strawberry genome. The diploid strawberry (Fragaria vesca) genome has high integrity and precision after revision. With the development of sequencing technology, a large number of molecular markers related to strawberry quality and resistance have been developed. These markers have also been used in strawberry breeding program and greatly improved the breeding efficiency. There are some problems in strawberry breeding in China, such as narrow parental genetic background and single breeding method. In view of these problems, the future direction and development trend of strawberry breeding in China were reviewed.